Nutritional risks of unhealthy diets

Currently, one in three people in the world is affected by at least one type of malnutrition and, if no action is rapidly taken, this could become one in two by 2025. Different types of malnutrition coexist in almost every country, causing severe consequences in terms of human health and economic losses: 45 percent of the mortality in under-five children is linked to undernutrition and globally malnutrition in all its forms costs US$ 3.5 trillion per year. Inadequate diets are a major cause of malnutrition and access to healthy diets for all would save 11 million lives per year

L'assemblage de systèmes d'informations économique et logistique pour supporter la négociation dans la filière canne - Une expérience sémantique

14 p.To address the supply and the payment jointly in different socio-economic contexts, the sugarcane industry wants to gather two existing information systems. MAGI ® and MODECO being from different disciplinary background, they experience a different way the functioning of the sugar industry. The question that arises is that of the impact of this difference on merging databases. The purpose of this paper is to relate the experience of building the software platform PEMPA® and in particular deal with database merging using the ontology's alignment

Consomme-t-on ce que l'on sème ? Relations entre diversité de la production, revenu agricole et diversité alimentaire au Burkina Faso

Augmenter la production agricole peut théoriquement améliorer la diversité de l'alimentation, via l'autoconsommation ou par l'achat de produits diversifiés grâce à l'augmentation du revenu agricole. Or, dans certaines régions d'Afrique de l'Ouest où le niveau de la production est relativement élevé, on observe une faible diversité de la consommation alimentaire. L'objectif de cette étude est d'estimer, au sein de ménages agricoles, les associations entre la diversité de l'alimentation des femmes et respectivement la diversité de la production et le revenu agricole. Nous avons mené une enquête auprès de 579 exploitations représentatives de la région des Hauts-Bassins au Burkina Faso à trois périodes entre mai 2013 et janvier 2014. La diversité agricole a été évaluée à travers le nombre d'espèces cultivées, d'arbres locaux conservés sur les parcelles et d'espèces animales élevées. À partir d'un rappel qualitatif de la consommation alimentaire des 24 heures précédant l'enquête, nous avons calculé le score de diversité alimentaire des femmes en suivant les recommandations internationales récentes (nombre de groupes d'aliments consommés parmi les dix définis). Ce score est faible et ne varie pas au cours de l'année, mais les groupes d'aliments le composant changent. Les résultats d'un modèle de régression montrent que, en mai et août 2013, la diversité alimentaire n'est pas liée au nombre de cultures mais au nombre d'espèces d'arbres conservés. Les recettes monétaires agricoles des exploitations ne sont que faiblement corrélées avec une meilleure diversité alimentaire toute l'année, tandis que les recettes monétaires agricoles (mai 2013) et non agricoles des femmes le sont plus nettement. Les femmes recevant un transfert d'argent de la part du chef d'exploitation présentent par ailleurs une meilleure diversité alimentaire à toutes les saisons. Dans ce milieu rural agricole, le contrôle des ressources par les femmes semble être un meilleur garant de la qualité de leur alimentation que le niveau des productions agricoles de l'exploitation. (Résumé d'auteur

Validation of a French version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire: In Competitive Sport and Physical Education Context.

International audienceThe purpose of this research was to develop a psychometrically sound measure of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ, Raedeke & Smith, 2001) in French. First, a preliminary version was developed. Second, 895 French adolescents involved in competitive sport or physical education at school completed the survey. The results showed good internal consistency (all Cronbach's alphas > .75). Confirmatory factor analysis with the three subscales of the ABQ (emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, and devaluation) confirmed the structure of the instrument and good data fit (NNFI = .95, CFI = .96, GFI = .95, RMSEA = .07) in accordance with the results obtained in previous studies (e.g., Cresswell & Eklund, 2005a, 2005b; Raedeke & Smith, 2001). Furthermore, the patterns of relationships between the ABQ subscales and motivation, self confidence, and anxiety provide concurrent validity of the ABQ

Comparative evaluation of instrument segmentation and tracking methods in minimally invasive surgery

Intraoperative segmentation and tracking of minimally invasive instruments is a prerequisite for computer- and robotic-assisted surgery. Since additional hardware like tracking systems or the robot encoders are cumbersome and lack accuracy, surgical vision is evolving as promising techniques to segment and track the instruments using only the endoscopic images. However, what is missing so far are common image data sets for consistent evaluation and benchmarking of algorithms against each other. The paper presents a comparative validation study of different vision-based methods for instrument segmentation and tracking in the context of robotic as well as conventional laparoscopic surgery. The contribution of the paper is twofold: we introduce a comprehensive validation data set that was provided to the study participants and present the results of the comparative validation study. Based on the results of the validation study, we arrive at the conclusion that modern deep learning approaches outperform other methods in instrument segmentation tasks, but the results are still not perfect. Furthermore, we show that merging results from different methods actually significantly increases accuracy in comparison to the best stand-alone method. On the other hand, the results of the instrument tracking task show that this is still an open challenge, especially during challenging scenarios in conventional laparoscopic surgery

Measuring telomere length and telomere dynamics in evolutionary biology and ecology

Telomeres play a fundamental role in the protection of chromosomal DNA and in the regulation of cellular senescence. Recent work in human epidemiology and evolutionary ecology suggests adult telomere length (TL) may reflect past physiological stress and predict subsequent morbidity and mortality, independent of chronological age. Several different methods have been developed to measure TL, each offering its own technical challenges. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the advantages and drawbacks of each method for researchers, with a particular focus on issues that are likely to face ecologists and evolutionary biologists collecting samples in the field or in organisms that may never have been studied in this context before. We discuss the key issues to consider and wherever possible try to provide current consensus view regarding best practice with regard to sample collection and storage, DNA extraction and storage, and the five main methods currently available to measure TL. Decisions regarding which tissues to sample, how to store them, how to extract DNA, and which TL measurement method to use cannot be prescribed, and are dependent on the biological question addressed and the constraints imposed by the study system. What is essential for future studies of telomere dynamics in evolution and ecology is that researchers publish full details of their methods and the quality control thresholds they employ

Overexpression of Hevea brasiliensis ethylene response factor HbERF-IXc5 enhances growth and tolerance to abiotic stress and affects laticifer differentiation

Ethylene response factor 1 (ERF1) is an essential integrator of the jasmonate and ethylene signalling pathways coordinating a large number of genes involved in plant defences. Its orthologue in Hevea brasiliensis, HbERF-IXc5, has been assumed to play a major role in laticifer metabolism and tolerance to harvesting stress for better latex production. This paper set out to establish and characterize rubber transgenic lines overexpressing HbERF-IXc5. Overexpression of HbERF-IXc5 dramatically enhanced plant growth and enabled plants to maintain some ecophysiological parameters in response to abiotic stress such as water deficit, cold and salt treatments. This study revealed that HbERF-IXc5 has rubber-specific functions compared to Arabidopsis ERF1 since transgenic plants overexpressing HbERF-IXc5 accumulated more starch and differentiated more latex cells at the histological level. The role of HbERF-IXc5 in driving the expression of some target genes involved in laticifer differentiation is discussed. (Résumé d'auteur