Centerscope

Centerscope, formerly Scope, was published by the Boston University Medical Center "to communicate the concern of the Medical Center for the development and maintenance of improved health care in contemporary society.

Centerscope

Centerscope, formerly Scope, was published by the Boston University Medical Center "to communicate the concern of the Medical Center for the development and maintenance of improved health care in contemporary society.

Centerscope

Centerscope, formerly Scope, was published by the Boston University Medical Center "to communicate the concern of the Medical Center for the development and maintenance of improved health care in contemporary society.

Motor control in children with ADHD and non-affected siblings: deficits most pronounced using the left hand

Contains fulltext : 52261.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is strongly influenced by heritability. Identifying heritable vulnerability traits (endophenotypes) that mark a relatively high risk of developing the disorder can contribute to the identification of risk genes. A fruitful area for the search for such endophenotypes may be motor control in children with ADHD, since the disorder is frequently accompanied by motor problems. METHOD: The current study used a large sample of 350 children with ADHD, 195 non-affected siblings and 271 normal controls aged 5-19 years. Children were administered two computerised motor control tasks in which they had to trace a path between two circles (Tracking task) and follow a randomly moving target (Pursuit task). Both tasks were performed with both the right and the left hand. RESULTS: Children with ADHD were less precise and stable than controls. Non-affected siblings also deviated from controls, but only on the Tracking task. Group differences were modulated by the use of the right versus the left hand: no group differences emerged when the right hand was used, yet group differences did emerge when the left hand was used. Performance on both tasks was significantly familial. CONCLUSIONS: Imprecision and instability of movements in children with ADHD and in their non-affected siblings as measured by the Tracking task might be suitable endophenotypic candidates: these deficits are familially present in children having ADHD as well as in their non-affected siblings. Motor performance might be best assessed in children using their left hand, because motor control deficits are most pronounced using the left hand. This might relate to right hemispheric brain pathology in children with ADHD (and possibly in their non-affected siblings) that is related to the control of the left hand and/or relate to differential effects of daily life practice on both hands, which may be smaller on the left hand

Temporal characteristics of semantic perseverations induced by blocked-cyclic picture naming

When unimpaired participants name pictures quickly, they produce many perseverations that bear a semantic relation to the target, especially when the pictures are blocked by category. Evidence suggests that the temporal properties of these "semantic perseverations" may differ from typical lexical perseverations in aphasia. To explore this, we studied semantic perseverations generated by participants with aphasia on a naming task with semantic blocking [Schnur, T. T., Schwartz, M. F., Brecher, A., & Hodgson, C. (2006). Semantic interference during blocked-cyclic naming: Evidence from aphasia. Journal of Memory and Language, 54, 199-227]. The properties of these perseverations were investigated by analyzing how often they occurred at each lag (distance from prior occurrence) and how time (response-stimulus interval) influenced the lag function. Chance data sets were created by reshuffling stimulus-response pairs in a manner that preserved unique features of the blocking design. We found that the semantic blocking manipulation did not eliminate the expected bias for short-lag perseverations (recency bias). However, immediate (lag 1) perseverations were not invariably the most frequent, which hints at a source of inconsistency within and across studies. Importantly, there was not a reliable difference between the lag functions for perseverations generated with a 5 s, compared to 1 s, responsestimulus interval. The combination of recency bias and insensitivity to elapsed time indicates that the perseveratory impetus in a named response does not passively decay with time but rather is diminished by interference from related trials. We offer an incremental learning account of these findings

Dissociable effects of 5-HT2C receptor antagonism and genetic inactivation on perseverance and learned non-reward in an egocentric spatial reversal task

Cognitive flexibility can be assessed in reversal learning tests, which are sensitive to modulation of 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) function. Successful performance in these tests depends on at least two dissociable cognitive mechanisms which may separately dissipate associations of previous positive and negative valence. The first is opposed by perseverance and the second by learned non-reward. The current experiments explored the effect of reducing function of the 5-HT2CR on the cognitive mechanisms underlying egocentric reversal learning in the mouse. Experiment 1 used the 5-HT2CR antagonist SB242084 (0.5 mg/kg) in a between-groups serial design and Experiment 2 used 5-HT2CR KO mice in a repeated measures design. Animals initially learned to discriminate between two egocentric turning directions, only one of which was food rewarded (denoted CS+, CS−), in a T- or Y-maze configuration. This was followed by three conditions; (1) Full reversal, where contingencies reversed; (2) Perseverance, where the previous CS+ became CS− and the previous CS− was replaced by a novel CS+; (3) Learned non-reward, where the previous CS− became CS+ and the previous CS+ was replaced by a novel CS-. SB242084 reduced perseverance, observed as a decrease in trials and incorrect responses to criterion, but increased learned non-reward, observed as an increase in trials to criterion. In contrast, 5-HT2CR KO mice showed increased perseverance. 5-HT2CR KO mice also showed retarded egocentric discrimination learning. Neither manipulation of 5-HT2CR function affected performance in the full reversal test. These results are unlikely to be accounted for by increased novelty attraction, as SB242084 failed to affect performance in an unrewarded novelty task. In conclusion, acute 5-HT2CR antagonism and constitutive loss of the 5-HT2CR have opposing effects on perseverance in egocentric reversal learning in mice. It is likely that this difference reflects the broader impact of 5HT2CR loss on the development and maintenance of cognitive function

Senso religioso dos sem religião: estudo a partir da noção de cristianismo não religioso de Gianni Vattimo

DissertaçãoROTTERDAN, Sandson Almeida. Senso religioso dos sem religião: estudo a partir da noção de cristianismo não religioso de Gianni Vattimo. 2014. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Religião, Belo HorizonteDissertaçãoROTTERDAN, Sandson Almeida. Senso religioso dos sem religião: estudo a partir da noção de cristianismo não religioso de Gianni Vattimo. 2014. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Religião, Belo Horizont

SOCIEDADE CIVIL E POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS PARA JUVENTUDE: UMA NOVA EXPERIÊNCIA

A busca de novos modelos de políticas públicas tem se ampliado devido a participação mais efetiva da sociedade civil. Um desses modelos oriundos da sociedade civil é o consórcio da juventude, integrante do PNPE – Programa Nacional do Primeiro Emprego. A elaboração da política pública pela sociedade civil se dá num momento onde a sociedade civil organizada busca uma participação mais efetiva dentro dos canais organizacionais estabelecidos

Antimicrobial effect of 1% cinamaldehyde in models of polymicrobial biofilms originated from the saliva of healthy individuals with gingivitis on titanium surfaces

Cinnamaldehyde is a phytoconstituent derived from cinnamon and has antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of 1% cinnamaldehyde in polymicrobial biofilm models, obtained from the saliva of healthy and gingivitis-affected individuals, measured on infection surfaces. It was a laboratory study, in which salivary samples from 12 individuals, 6 of them with healthy oral conditions and 6 with a diagnosis of gingivitis, were collected through stimulation with paraffin film for 5 minutes. A part of the saliva sample was filtered and reserved for the formation of the salivary pellicle and the other part – unfiltered saliva – was destined to the models of microcosm biofilms. For this purpose, lever discs (n=8/group), measuring 1.3 x 1.3 x 0.2cm, were selected (Surface area roughness > 0.20 µm < 1 µm) and sterilized. Biofilm models originated from the saliva of healthy (HB) and gingivitis (GB) individuals simulated a transition from peri-implant mucositis conditions. Membrane specimens were tolerated for salivary pellicle formation for 60 minutes at 37°C. Then, the model was performed in aerobic conditions for 72 hours, in BHI medium with 1% sucrose. Subsequently, the exposures were exposed to the evaluated substances: Chlorhexidine 0.12% (CHX - therapeutic control), Saline Solution (SS - negative control) and Cinnamaldehyde 1% (CIN - experimental group). These exposures were performed for 1 minute every 24 hours, for 3 consecutive days. After the last exposure, the biofilms were cultured for an additional 24 hours, totaling 7 days of culture. Biofilms were evaluated for cell viability, cell metabolism and production of soluble (PecS) and insoluble (PecI) extracellular polysaccharides. Variables were statistically evaluated using Tukey complemented ANOVA or Mann-Whitney-complemented Kruskal Wallis (α=5%). The pathogenic results that in the quantification of viable microorganisms, with the exception of the ASD medium (p>0.05), all the media of the HB biofilm model influenced statistics, with the lowest averages developed among the substances highlighted below: BHI (CIN 10 .28±0.50), MSA (CIN 10.28±0.45 and CHX 10.69±0.13), ASM (CIN 2.54±4.34 and CHX 4.69±5.14). Statistics for cell viability between assessments on GB biofilm (p>0.05) were not verified. For the MTT assay, no statistical difference was found between any of the substances tested in the HB and GB biofilm models (p>0.05). A statistical difference was verified for the PecS of the HB group, in which declaration of minors for CIN (8.94± 10.80) and CHX (30.55± 21.99), respectively, and also for the PecI of the group GB , not which the lowest concentration was observed for NIC (-7.08±8.73). The antimicrobial efficacy of 1% cinnamaldehyde varies according to the type of polymicrobial biofilm involved.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESO cinamaldeído é um fitoconstituinte derivado da canela e possui propriedades antimicrobianas, antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito antimicrobiano do cinamaldeído a 1% em modelos de biofilme polimicrobianos, obtidos a partir da saliva de indivíduos saudáveis e diagnosticados com gengivite, semeados sobre superfícies de titânio. Tratou-se de um estudo laboratorial, no qual amostras salivares de 12 indivíduos, sendo 6 deles com condições orais saudáveis e 6 com diagnóstico de gengivite foram coletadas por meio de estimulação com filme de parafina por 5 minutos. Uma parte das amostras de saliva foi filtrada e reservada para a formação da película salivar e a outra – saliva não filtrada – foi destinada para os modelos de biofilmes de microcosmos. Para tanto, discos de titânio (n=8/grupo), com dimensões 1,3 x 1,3 x 0,2cm, foram selecionados (Rugosidade de área de superfície > 0,20 µm < 1 µm) e esterilizados. Os modelos de biofilme originados a partir da saliva de indivíduos saudáveis (HB) e com gengivite (GB) simularam uma transição das condições clínicas de peri implante mucosite. Os espécimes de titânio foram submetidos a formação de película salivar por 60 minutos, a 37°C. Em seguida, foi realizado o modelo em aerobiose por 72h, em meio BHI com 1% de sacarose. Posteriormente, as amostras foram expostas as substâncias avaliadas: Clorexidina 0,12% (CHX - controle terapêutico), Solução Salina (SS - controle negativo) e Cinamaldeído 1% (CIN - grupo experimental). Estas exposições foram realizadas durante 1 minuto a cada 24 horas, por 3 dias consecutivos. Após a última exposição, os biofilmes foram cultivados por 24 horas adicionais, totalizando 7 dias de cultivo. Os biofilmes foram avaliados quanto a viabilidade celular, metabolismo celular e produção de polissacarídeos extracelulares solúveis (PecS) e insolúveis (PecI). As variáveis foram analisadas estatisticamente utilizando ANOVA complementado por Tukey ou Kruskal Wallis complementado por Mann-Whitney (=5%). Os resultados demonstraram que na quantificação de microrganismos viáveis, com exceção do meio ASD (p>0,05), todos os meios do modelo de biofilme HB apresentaram diferenças estatísticas, sendo as menores médias apresentadas entre as substâncias destacadas a seguir: BHI (CIN 10,28±0,50), MSA (CIN 10,28±0,45 e CHX 10,69±0,13), ASM (CIN 2,54±4,34 e CHX 4,69±5,14). Não foi verificado diferenças estatísticas para a viabilidade celular entre as substâncias avaliadas em biofilme GB (p>0,05). Para o ensaio de MTT também não foi verificado diferença estatística entre nenhuma das substâncias estudadas nos modelos de biofilme HB e GB (p>0,05). Foi verificado diferença estatística para os PecS do grupo HB, no qual demonstraram as menores concentrações para CIN (8,94± 10,80) e CHX (30,55± 21,99), respectivamente, e também para os PecI do grupo GB, no qual a menor concentração foi observada para o CIN (-7,08±8,73). A eficácia antimicrobiana do cinamaldeído a 1% variou de acordo com o tipo de biofilme polimicrobiano envolvido