Isotopic liftings of Clifford algebras and applications in elementary particle mass matrices

Isotopic liftings of algebraic structures are investigated in the context of Clifford algebras, where it is defined a new product involving an arbitrary, but fixed, element of the Clifford algebra. This element acts as the unit with respect to the introduced product, and is called isounit. We construct isotopies in both associative and non-associative arbitrary algebras, and examples of these constructions are exhibited using Clifford algebras, which although associative, can generate the octonionic, non-associative, algebra. The whole formalism is developed in a Clifford algebraic arena, giving also the necessary pre-requisites to introduce isotopies of the exterior algebra. The flavor hadronic symmetry of the six u,d,s,c,b,t quarks is shown to be exact, when the generators of the isotopic Lie algebra su(6) are constructed, and the unit of the isotopic Clifford algebra is shown to be a function of the six quark masses. The limits constraining the parameters, that are entries of the representation of the isounit in the isotopic group SU(6), are based on the most recent limits imposed on quark masses.Comment: 19 page

Looking for a time independent Hamiltonian of a dynamical system

In this paper we introduce a method for finding a time independent Hamiltonian of a given dynamical system by canonoid transformation. We also find a condition that the system should satisfy to have an equivalent time independent formulation. We study the example of damped oscillator and give the new time independent Hamiltonian for it, which has the property of tending to the standard Hamiltonian of the harmonic oscillator as damping goes to zero.Comment: Some references added, LATEX fixing

Versal deformations of a Dirac type differential operator

If we are given a smooth differential operator in the variable $x\in {\mathbb R}/2\pi {\mathbb Z},$ its normal form, as is well known, is the simplest form obtainable by means of the \mbox{Diff}(S^1)-group action on the space of all such operators. A versal deformation of this operator is a normal form for some parametric infinitesimal family including the operator. Our study is devoted to analysis of versal deformations of a Dirac type differential operator using the theory of induced \mbox{Diff}(S^1)-actions endowed with centrally extended Lie-Poisson brackets. After constructing a general expression for tranversal deformations of a Dirac type differential operator, we interpret it via the Lie-algebraic theory of induced \mbox{Diff}(S^1)-actions on a special Poisson manifold and determine its generic moment mapping. Using a Marsden-Weinstein reduction with respect to certain Casimir generated distributions, we describe a wide class of versally deformed Dirac type differential operators depending on complex parameters

Isotopic Grand Unification with the Inclusion of Gravity (revised version)

We introduce a dual lifting of unified gauge theories, the first characterized by the isotopies, which are axiom- preserving maps into broader structures with positive-definite generalized units used for the representation of matter under the isotopies of the Poincare' symmetry, and the second characterized by the isodualities, which are anti-isomorphic maps with negative-definite generalized units used for the representation of antimatter under the isodualities of the Poincare' symmetry. We then submit, apparently for the first time, a novel grand unification with the inclusion of gravity for matter embedded in the generalized positive-definite units of unified gauge theories while gravity for antimatter is embedded in the isodual isounit. We then show that the proposed grand unification provides realistic possibilities for a resolution of the axiomatic incompatibilities between gravitation and electroweak interactions due to curvature, antimatter and the fundamental space-time symmetries.Comment: 20 pages, Latex, revised in various details and with added reference

Two Mathematically Equivalent Versions of Maxwell's Equations

This paper is a review of the canonical proper-time approach to relativistic mechanics and classical electrodynamics. The purpose is to provide a physically complete classical background for a new approach to relativistic quantum theory. Here, we first show that there are two versions of Maxwell's equations. The new version fixes the clock of the field source for all inertial observers. However now, the (natural definition of the effective) speed of light is no longer an invariant for all observers, but depends on the motion of the source. This approach allows us to account for radiation reaction without the Lorentz-Dirac equation, self-energy (divergence), advanced potentials or any assumptions about the structure of the source. The theory provides a new invariance group which, in general, is a nonlinear and nonlocal representation of the Lorentz group. This approach also provides a natural (and unique) definition of simultaneity for all observers. The corresponding particle theory is independent of particle number, noninvariant under time reversal (arrow of time), compatible with quantum mechanics and has a corresponding positive definite canonical Hamiltonian associated with the clock of the source. We also provide a brief review of our work on the foundational aspects of the corresponding relativistic quantum theory. Here, we show that the standard square-root and the Dirac equations are actually two distinct spin-$\tfrac{1}{2}$ particle equations.Comment: Appeared: Foundations of Physic

On the supersymmetric nonlinear evolution equations

Supersymmetrization of a nonlinear evolution equation in which the bosonic equation is independent of the fermionic variable and the system is linear in fermionic field goes by the name B-supersymmetrization. This special type of supersymmetrization plays a role in superstring theory. We provide B-supersymmetric extension of a number of quasilinear and fully nonlinear evolution equations and find that the supersymmetric system follows from the usual action principle while the bosonic and fermionic equations are individually non Lagrangian in the field variable. We point out that B-supersymmetrization can also be realized using a generalized Noetherian symmetry such that the resulting set of Lagrangian symmetries coincides with symmetries of the bosonic field equations. This observation provides a basis to associate the bosonic and fermionic fields with the terms of bright and dark solitons. The interpretation sought by us has its origin in the classic work of Bateman who introduced a reverse-time system with negative friction to bring the linear dissipative systems within the framework of variational principle.Comment: 12 pages, no figure

Integrability conditions for the existence of a Lagrangian in Newtonian mechanics and field theory. Annual progress report, March 1, 1978-May 31, 1979. [Summaries of research activities at Harvard University]

Studies of general covariance and its application to particle motion and continuum mechanics were continued. Also developed was a new method in microlocal analysis which has applications to integral geometry, geometrical quantization and the fine structure of certain types of spectra. The classical aspect of a program was studied by a comprehensive analysis of the integrability conditions for the existence of a Lagrangian or, independently, of a Hamiltonian for the representation of given Newtonian systems with forces nonderivable from a potential, as well as the methods for the computation of these functions from the equations of motion. The study of a classical, complementary, methodological approach to the same class of systems was also initiated. It consists of the representation of systems with forces nonderivable from a potential via a generalization of Hamilton's equations posessing a Lie-admissible algebraic structure. The problem of the quantization of forces nonderivable from a potential was then studied via the use of these complementary methods. The use of the integrability conditions for the existence of a Hamiltonian representation (the inverse problem) yielded, under certain restrictions, the conventional Heisenberg's equations, but expressed in terms of a generalized Hamiltonian structure. The use of the Lie-admissible formulations yielded a generalization of Heisenberg's equations possessing a generalized (Lie-admissible) algebraic structure, but expressed in terms of a conventional Hamiltonian structure. These preliminary studies were then applied to the investigation of the old idea that the strong interactions are of the type considered, local and nonderivable from a potential, as an approximation of expected nonlocal settings. The experimental verification of the validity or invalidity of Pauli's exclusion principle and other basic physical laws for the nuclear and the hadronic structure was proposed. Publications are listed

Elaboration of the recently proposed test of Pauli's principle under strong interactions

The primary objective of this paper is to stimulate the experimental verification of the validity or invalidity of Pauli's principle under strong interactions, according to a proposal which has recently appeared in the literature. For this objective, we first outline the most relevant steps in the evolution of the notion of particle, from the classical notion of massive point, to the quantum-mechanical notion of massive, spinning, and charged particle under electromagnetic interactions, as characterized by the Poincaré symmetry and as experimentally established. We then recall recent studies according to which this latter notion of particle might still need suitable implementations when referred to the additional presence of strong interactions. By recalling that no experimental evidence of direct, or final or unequivocal character is available at this moment on the value of the spin under strong interactions, the following hypothesis of these studies is recalled. It consists of the idea that the spin as well as other intrinsic characteristics of extended, massive, particles under electromagnetic interactions at large distances are subjected to a mutation under additional strong interactions at distances smaller than their charge radius. These dynamical effects can apparently be conjectured to account for the nonpointlike nature of the particles, their necessary state of penetration to activate the strong interactions, and the consequential emergence of broader forces which imply the breaking of the SU(2)-spin symmetry. Among the rather numerous technical problems which must be studied to reach a quantitative assessment of these ideas, in this paper we study a characterization of the mutated value of the spin via the transition from the associative enveloping algebra of SU(2) to a nonassociative Lie-admissible form. The departure from the original associative product then becomes directly representative of the breaking of the SU(2)-spin symmetry, the presence of forces more general than those derivable from a potential, and the mutated value of the spin. In turn, such a departure of the spin from conventional quantum-mechanical values implies the inapplicability of Pauli's exclusion principle under strong interactions, because, according to this hypothesis, particles that are fermions under long-range electromagnetic interactions are no longer fermions under these broader, short-range, forces. The case of nuclear physics is considered in detail. It is stressed that, in this case, possible deviations from Pauli's exclusion principle can at most be very small. A class of nuclei for the test considered is selected. It consists of all nuclei whose volume lies below the value predicted by the proportionality law of the nuclear volume with the total number of nucleons. These experimental data establish that, for the nuclei considered, nucleons are in a partial state of penetration of their charge volumes although of small statistical character. In turn, this state of penetration of the charge volumes activates the model of breaking of the SU(2)-spin symmetry reviewed in this paper. © 1980 The American Physical Society