Development of a novel film cooling hole geometry

This thesis presents the design, development and testing of a new film cooling hole geometry, the converging slot-hole or console. Both the thermal and aerodynamic performance were measured, using the adiabatic effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient, and aerodynamic loss respectively, to quantify performance. Comparative measurements were made, by testing conventional film cooling hole shapes in parallel with the console experiments. The CFD code, Fluent, was used to predict the performance of the initial design concept before it was manufactured. Initial performance measurements in incompressible flow were performed in a low speed wind tunnel at an engine representative Reynolds number based on mainstream flow and hole diameter. For these experiments, the coolant to mainstream density ratio was approximately unity, and the cooling performance was measured over a flat plate. The console was tested in parallel with cylindrical holes, a slot and fan-shaped holes, all of which had equal throat area per unit width. The heat transfer performance was measured at steady state using thermochromic liquid crystals sprayed onto a flat plate heater. The aerodynamic performance of the holes was measured by traversing the boundary layer 50 cylindrical hole diameters downstream of the injection location with a pitot probe. Engine representative measurements of the console performance were made in a transonic annular cascade that simulates the three-dimensional flow in the gas turbine. The Reynolds and Mach numbers were representative of engine conditions, and the coolant flow was made aerodynamically and thermodynamically similar to engine conditions by matching both the momentum flux and density ratios. This was achieved by using a heavy foreign gas with the composition of 30.2% SF6 and 69.8% Ar by weight, which simulates the coolant to mainstream density ratio of 1.78, and has a ratio of specific heats of 1.4. The performance of a nozzle guide vane with rows of fan-shaped holes was compared with an NGV with a film cooling configuration designed with rows of consoles replacing rows of fan-shaped holes. The heat transfer performance was measured using a modified step change transient liquid crystal technique. The aerodynamic performance was measured using a four hole probe traverse downstream of the NGV. The heat transfer performance of the console was found to be similar to or slightly lower than the performance of fan-shaped holes. The most significant benefit of the console was found to be the aerodynamic performance, with a loss due to film cooling of only 20% of the loss due to film cooling of the rows of fan-shaped holes measured at engine representative conditions

Using CFD to improve the design of a circulating water channel

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used as a design tool to investigate means of improving flow uniformity in the working section of a circulating water channel. The CFD model was based on a 1/10th scale wind-tunnel model of the circulating water channel at the Australian Maritime Hydrodynamics Research Centre (AMHRC). The CFD analysis was compared with experimental results obtained from the wind-tunnel model to validate the use of the CFD model. Three changes to the design were investigated; alteration of turning vane angle, increased resistance coefficient of a honeycomb screen and addition of trailing edge extensions to the turning vanes. The turning vane angle changes resulted in little improvement in flow uniformity. Increasing the resistance coefficient of the honeycomb screen resulted in improved uniformity, but at the expense of increased pressure loss. The addition of trailing edge extensions to the turning vanes resulted in the most significant improvements in flow uniformity. These results will be useful in selecting improvements to the circulating water channel

Global challenges for sustainable food production

No abstract available

Design and Calibration of a Facility for Film Cooling Research

An existing open circuit wind tunnel has been modified to incorporate a secondary supply loop to provide controlled flow conditions at the inlet to a film cooling hole model. The primary or crossflow fluid enters from atmosphere through a smooth two-dimensional contraction before entering the working section. The newly constructed supply loop has a single inlet from a high pressure source, in-line blower, and a 600mm long rectangular passage working section. Various film cooling geometries can be installed to connect the supply loop passage to the main wind tunnel working section. The installation of the supply loop enables variation of cooling hole inlet conditions, including crossflow velocity, mass flow rate, and flow direction. Detailed flow measurements were made to establish uniformity of flow in the supply passage and accurate control of coolant mass flow. A range of operating conditions have been established and calibrated for use in subsequent research

Evaluation of semen collected from commercial rams by electro-ejaculation

Annual ram pre-breeding soundness examinations (PBSE) are accepted as an integral component of veterinary flock health planning to identify rams not capable of achieving high conception rates. This preliminary study collected information from 280 rams presented to five veterinarians for routine PBSE on commercial farms in England in 2013. The study compared the outcome of a physical examination, which included palpation of external genitalia, with the gross and progressive motility of the semen produced by electro-ejaculation