Un semoir de semis direct sous couvert vegetal à traction animale adapté aux conditions du Sénégal

En Afrique de l'Ouest, la conception et l'adaptation locales de semoirs de semis direct de traction animale faciles d'utilisation et accessibles aux petits producteurs sont un des éléments favorables à l'adoption du semis direct sous couvert végétal (SDCV). C'est dans ce sens que l'équipe de FERT et AFDI Touraine a mis au point un prototype de semoir à traction bovine à 2 rangs pour appuyer les petits producteurs (Vadon et al., 2010). Mais malheureusement, jusqu'à présent, ces semoirs de semis direct introduits et testés au moins une fois dans la sous-région à l'image du semoir brésilien (Fitarelli) (Ashburner, 2004 ; Bozza et Kourouma, 2004 cité par Sissoko et Autfray, 2007) n'ont pas répondu aux attentes des agriculteurs à cause des densités de semis et à des doses d'engrais non régulières et à la maniabilité (Fert et Afditouraine, 2014). Aussi, les tests du prototype de l'AFDI (Agriculteurs Français et Développement International) n'ont pas été concluants à cause de sa lourdeur pour les animaux de trait et qu'aussi les adaptations faites pour son allégement et sa facilitation pour sa fabrication locale par les forgerons n'ont pas donné satisfaction (Sissoko et Autfray, 2007). Suite à ces expériences, des suggestions d'adaptation des semoirs aux conditions locales ont été faites pour le Sud du Mali par Sissoko et Autfray ( 2007) " Il conviendrait également dans une optique d'avoir des semoirs plus simples et moins coûteux, sans épandeur d'engrais qui alourdit le système, de transformer le semoir local pour un semis de coton, du mil et du sorgho, en s'inspirant du semoir Fitarelli : rajout d'un disque à l'avant pour trancher la végétation, d'un soc juste derrière pour ouvrir la raie de semis, transfert du réservoir de semences au milieu, confection de roues plus hautes ". Plus de 200 000 semoirs super éco sont utilisés au Sénégal avec les chevaux et les ânes au Sénégal, et quelques dizaines de milliers au Mali (Bordet et al., 1988), c'est pourquoi les suggestions ci-dessus nous ont amené à proposer d'adapter le super-éco au système de semis direct sous couvert végétal permanent (SDCVP). L'objectif de l'article se limite à la conception locale d'un semoir de semis direct à partir du bâti du super éco. Ce qui signifie, un matériel qui peut facilement être fabriqué par les artisans qui fabriquent aujourd'hui les matériels de traction animale, et qui sera compétitif d'un point de vue prix avec les autres matériels de semis direct à traction animale importés. Les résultats sur les performances au semis en conditions réelles en particulier sur les rendements des cultures, seront les prochaines étapes d'évaluation de ce semoir de semis-direct

Contes du Sénégal

Contes du Sénégal est le résultat du projet de l’Agence Espagnole pour la Coopération Internationale au Développement (AECID) qui, à travers des subventions accordées à des associations de la place, a permis à des enfants et à des jeunes vulnérables du Sénégal de mettre en valeur notre patrimoine immatérie

Evolution Des Indices Pluviométriques Extrêmes Par L'analyse De Modèles Climatiques Régionaux Du Programme CORDEX: Les Projections Climatiques Sur Le Sénégal

This study aims at characterizing the extreme rainfall events over West Africa particularly in the Sahel region and Senegal by 2100 (far future) under the greenhouse gas emission scenario RCP8.5 by analyzing the simulations of four (4) regional climate models (RCMs) of CORDEX (Regional COordinated climate Downscaling Experiment) program. The study of these extreme climate indices is crucial for the understanding of the impacts of climate change on some vital socio-economic sectors such as the agriculture in Sahel and Senegal. The results show that almost all the RCMs predict a decrease of the rainfall over most parts of the Sahel region particularly over the Western Sahel. The analysis of the climate indices such as the highest one day precipitation amount, the 99th percentile and the maximum dry spell length (CDD) shows that the RCMs (except CanRCM4) project an increase of these exceptional rainfall events over the Sahel (especially over the Western Sahel) by 2100. In Senegal, the RCMs (except RCA4) agree on a decrease of the precipitation and the number of wet days by 2100. When considering the evolution of rainfall events intensity, the highest one day precipitation amount and the 99th percentile, the RCMs (except CanRCM4) predict an increase of the extreme events which may translate into strong floods in Senegal. As for the dry and wet sequences, the RCMs projections (except those of RCA4) show an increase (respectively a decrease) of the maximum dry spell length (respectively of the maximum wet spell length) in Senegal. This increase in extreme rainfall indices may translate into a strengthening of natural disasters such as floods and drought. This work can be considered as a support for the policymakers in West Africa and particularly in Senegal for the better long-term planning of water resources and disaster management as wells as the build of a resilient agricultural system

Anti-Inflammatulatory Activity of Hydro-Ethanolic Bark Extracts of Piliostigma reticulatum Hochst (Caesalpiniaceae) and Analysis by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS of its Methanol Fraction

Use of plants as remedies dates back to the time of the oldest civilizations. Among these active ingredients, polyphenols play an important role. Piliostigma reticulatum, a plant whose barks are rich in condensed tannin is often used as an anti-inflammatory. The purpose of this work was to correlate the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts with their chemical composition through chromatography fractionation analyses (HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS). The barks were extracted by moderate hydroethanol decoction followed by silica gel splitting with successively ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the method of carrageenan induced hind paw edema in Wistar rats.  The chemical study was carried out by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS after isolation of the compounds by fractionation on Sephadex LH-20 gel. The bark hydroethanolic extract had shown ability to inhibit significantly the inflammation induced by carraghenan. Among the hydroethanolic bark extract fractions that methanol fraction had the best activity at 10 mg/kg with inhibition percentages similar to those of acetylsalicylic acid with 48.51% ± 2.26; 54.71% ± 5.13; 64.19% ± 6.70 vs. 54.69% ± 7.23; 57.83% ± 9; 65.13% ± 8.44 respectively. The HPLC-DAD analysis showed that the SF5 sub-fraction presented the best chromatogram with several peaks, three of which were high intensity. The latter would correspond to monomer, dimer and trimer of catechin according to the weights [M-H] + m / z: 291.07; 579.18; 867.27 obtained by HPLC-MS. The compounds responsible for anti-inflammatory activity would be condensed tannins. The latter would consist mainly of catechin oligomers.  Keys words: Piliostigma reticulatum, bark, anti-inflammatory activity, HPLC-DAD, HPLC-M

Providential non-union of the medial condyle of distal humerus: a case report

Non-union of the medial condyle of the humerus is a rare development of neglected fractures of the distal humerus. We report a case found in a 19 years old boy who consulted for relative functional impotence of the right elbow, with a functional score rated at 76 points out of 100 according to Broberg and Morrey. The elbow radiograph showed a pseudarthrosis of the medial condyle of the humerus and the computed tomography found in addition a partial filling of the olecranon and coronoid dimples. Also, a therapeutic abstention was retained this pseudarthrosis in view of its providential character

Evaluation de l’activité antioxydante des extraits des feuilles de Aphania senegalensis (Sapindaceae) et de Saba senegalensis (Apocynaceae)

Les plantes traditionnelles présentent généralement de nombreuses propriétés thérapeutiques. L’objectif de la présente étude consistait à évaluer l’activité antioxydante des extraits des feuilles de Aphania senegalensis et de Saba senegalensis par spectrophotométrie moléculaire au moyen des méthodes de piégeage des radicaux libres 2,2-diphényl-1-picryl-hydrazyle (DPPH•) et acide 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-éthylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonique) (ABTS+•). Une extraction éthanolique des feuilles de ces deux plantes a été effectuée au Soxhlet. Les deux extraits secs, redissouts dans de l’eau, ont été fractionnés en utilisant successivement l’hexane, le dichlorométhane et l’acétate d’éthyle. Les propriétés antioxydantes des extraits et celles de leurs différentes fractions ont été évaluées à différentes concentrations : 5, 10, 25 et 150 μg/ml. Les pourcentages d’inhibition (PI) expriment l’effet antioxydant mesuré. Une activité de piégeage des deux radicaux libres a été associée aux deux extraits et à l’ensemble des fractions. Pour les tests d’inhibition de l’absorbance du radical DPPH•, les PI ont varié de (22,20±0,03)% à (91,30±0,08)%. Avec le radical ABTS+•, les PI ont varié de (54,37±0,02)% à (99,13±0,01)%. Les extraits éthanoliques des feuilles de Aphania senegalensis et de Saba senegalensis et leurs différentes fractions présentent ainsi un pouvoir antioxydant.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Plante médicinale, ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid)), DPPH (2,2- diphényl-1-picryl-hydrazyle), spectrophotométrie moléculaireEnglish Title: Antioxidant activity of leaves extracts of Aphania senegalensis (Sapindaceae) and Saba senegalensis (Apocynaceae)English AbstractSeveral therapeutic properties are often associated with traditional plants. The antioxidant properties of Aphania senegalensis and Saba senegalensis leaf extracts were evaluated by molecular spectrophotometry and using two radical scavenging methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and 2,2’-azino bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The leaves of each plant were extracted with ethanol  using a Soxhlet extractor apparatus. The two dry ethanolic extracts were dissolved in water then fractionated using successively hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The antioxidant activities of the extracts and their different fractions were determined at various concentrations: 5, 10, 25 and 150 μg/ml. The antioxidant capacity was expressed as percent inhibition (PI). The extracts and their different fractions scavenged DPPH• and ABTS+• free radicals. The DPPH assay showed PI varying from 22.20±0.03% to 91.30±0.08%. With the ABTS+• radical, the PI varied from 54.37±0.02% to 99.13±0.01%. The ethanolic extracts of Aphania senegalensis and Saba senegalensis as well as their fractions showed antioxidant capacities.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Medicinal plant, ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid)), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), molecular spectrophotometr

Acetabular fractures: epidemiological, lesional, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects

Background: Fractures of the acetabulum are serious because they affect a deep, load-bearing joint that is difficult to repair surgically at first. They occur in a context of polytrauma. The aim of our work is to study the epidemiological, lesional, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of acetabulum fractures.Methods: This is a 5-year retrospective study from January 2012 to December 2016 including 45 patients treated for acetabulum fracture.Results: 45 patients including 38 men and 7 women with a mean age of 36 years (extremes 18 and 74). The circumstances of occurrence were dominated by road traffic accidents with 42 cases (93.3%).According to the Judet-Letournel classification, we observed 28 elementary fractures (16 posterior wall fractures, 11 posterior column fractures, 1 anterior column fracture) and 17 complex fractures (7 posterior column and posterior wall fractures, 6 transverse and posterior wall fractures, 3 posterior and anterior column fractures, 1 anterior column and posterior hemi-transverse fracture). The association of a dislocation with an acetabulum fracture was found in 32 cases. Associated lesions (fractures) were observed in 23 patients. One case of associated TCE was noted. Treatment was orthopedic in 18 patients, surgical in 18 patients and functional in 9 patients. According to the Matta criteria we obtained after treatment 46.7% good reduction, 51.1% satisfactory and 2.2% unsatisfactory reduction. According to the Postel-Merle D'Aubigné rating, 16 patients obtained excellent results with overall 93.3% satisfactory results. The complications found were coxarthrosis (15 cases), para-articular ossification (2 cases) and vicious callus (1 case).Conclusions: The treatment of acetabulum fractures depends on the type of fracture, the age and activities of the patients. Orthopedic, surgical as well as functional treatment can give good acetabular reconstructions and functional results

Hernie inguinale de la vessie: à propos de 8 cas

Décrire notre expérience de la prise en charge des hernies inguinales de la vessie (HIV). Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective descriptive colligeant les dossiers des patients opérés pour une HIV entre janvier  2005 et décembre 2012. Les paramètres suivants ont été étudiés: l'âge des patients, les aspects  anatomo-cliniques de la hernie, les circonstances de découverte, l'attitude thérapeutique et les résultats de la cure. Huit HIV ont été diagnostiquées sur une période de 7 ans. Tous les patients étaient de sexe masculin. La moyenne d'âge était de 57,6 ans. La HIV siégeait à droite chez 5 patients et était associée à une HBP chez 3 patients, deux patients avaient des antécédents de herniorraphie . La découverte était per opératoire chez 6 patients, postopératoire (fistule vesicocutanée) chez un patient et  préopératoire chez un patient. Ce dernier a présenté une HIV géante diagnostiquée à l'Uroscanner. L'attitude thérapeutique était fonction des circonstances de  découverte de la HIV et de la pathologie associée. Six patients ont été opérés selon la technique de Bassini et deux selon la technique de Mac Way. La durée   moyenne de  l'hospitalisation était de 7 jours. Après un suivi régulier de 2 ans nous n'avons pas noté de récidive  herniaire. La HIV est une affection rare dont la   découverte est le plus souvent per-opératoire après une taille vésicale. Il faut l'évoquer chez tout patient aux antécédents d'herniorraphie et chez les sujets âgés de plus de 50 ans qui présentent une hernie inguinale associée à des TUBA.Key words: Vessie, hernie, découverte peroperatoire

Assessment of the relative success of sporozoite inoculations in individuals exposed to moderate seasonal transmission

Background: The time necessary for malaria parasite to re-appear in the blood following treatment (re-infection time) is an indirect method for evaluating the immune defences operating against pre-erythrocytic and early erythrocytic malaria stages. Few longitudinal data are available in populations in whom malaria transmission level had also been measured. Methods: One hundred and ten individuals from the village of Ndiop (Senegal), aged between one and 72 years, were cured of malaria by quinine (25 mg/day oral Quinimax T in three equal daily doses, for seven days). Thereafter, thick blood films were examined to detect the reappearance of Plasmodium falciparum every week, for 11 weeks after treatment. Malaria transmission was simultaneously measured weekly by night collection of biting mosquitoes. Results: Malaria transmission was on average 15.3 infective bites per person during the 77 days follow up. The median reappearance time for the whole study population was 46.8 days, whereas individuals would have received an average one infective bite every 5 days. At the end of the follow-up, after 77 days, 103 of the 110 individuals (93.6%; CI 95% [89.0-98.2]) had been re-infected with P. falciparum. The median reappearance time ('re-positivation') was longer in subjects with patent parasitaemia at enrolment than in parasitologically-negative individuals (58 days vs. 45.9; p = 0.03) and in adults > 30 years than in younger subjects (58.6 days vs. 42.7; p = 0.0002). In a multivariate Cox PH model controlling for the sickle cell trait, G6PD deficiency and the type of habitat, the presence of parasitaemia at enrolment and age >= 30 years were independently predictive of a reduced risk of re-infection (PH = 0.5 [95% CI: 0.3-0.9] and 0.4; [95% CI: 0.2-0.6] respectively). Conclusion: Results indicate the existence of a substantial resistance to sporozoites inoculations, but which was ultimately overcome in almost every individual after 2 1/2 months of natural challenges. Such a study design and the results obtained suggest that, despite a small sample size, this approach can contribute to assess the impact of intervention methods, such as the efficacy vector-control measures or of malaria pre-erythrocytic stages vaccines

Contribution to the Study of the Size Structure, the Length-Weight Relationship, the Condition Factor and the Sex-ration of Shrimp Farfantepenaeus notialis (Pérez Farfante, 1967) in the Estuary of Sine-Saloum (Senegal)

This study was carried out within the context of USAID/COMFISH project for establihing a biological data base for some fish species including shrimp Farfantepenaeus notialis to support management plans for these species. This study on Farfantepenaeus notialis in the Sine-Saloum estuary revealed that the sampled individuals are relatively small sizes.The average cephalothoracic sizes are less than 20 mm at Bettenty (male = 18.0 ± 2.9; female=18.5 ± 3.9) and at Foundiougne (male = 17.6 ± 2.9; female = 18.5 ± 3.8). The allometric rate «b» is more important at Bettenty (b = 2.94) than at Foundiougne (b = 2.75) and condition factor K is higher during the hot season in both locations (Bettenty: K = 0.80 in hot season; K = 0.78 in cold season; Foundiougne: K = 0.82 in hot season, K = 0.75 in cold season). The sex ratio of Farfantepenaeus notialis is in favor of females at Bettenty (54.6%) and at Foundiougne (51.2%). The size classes show that below 15 mm and beyond 20 mm, the number of female is higher than that of male. Beween 15 to 20 mm, male are higher.