Anthropo-didactical approach to teacher-pupil interaction in teaching mathematics at elementary school

Článek se zabývá interakcemi jako jednou z hlavních složek učitelova didaktického působení. První část je věnována charakterizaci formy těchto interakcí ve třech různých didaktických kontextech: v „předávaném kontextu", „intermediálním kontextu" a „institucionalizujícím kontextu". Pozornost se soustřeďuje na funkce, které interakce plní v didaktickém systému, a jejich kognitivní efekty. Druhá část se zabývá fatickými interakcemi; jejím cílem je ukázat, jak učitelé postupují, jestliže se snaží sjednotit své vzdělávací poslání se specifickými problémy, které vznikají z různorodosti potřeb jednotlivých žáků.The paper focuses on interactions as one of the main constituents of a teacher’s didactical activity. The first part discusses characterization of the form of these interactions in three contrasting didactical contexts: the “devolving context”, “intermediary context” and “institutionalizing context”. The functions that they fulfill in a didactical system and their cognitive effects on pupils are studied. The second part deals with phatic interactions with the goal of showing how teachers proceed when trying to unite their educational mission with specific problems springing from various needs of different pupils

Ostension et dévolution dans l’enseignement des mathématiques

Ce texte présente une réflexion théorique sur le statut de l’ostension et ses rapports avec la dévolution à partir de la thèse de l’indicibilité dans la relation didactique, au croisement de l’anthropologie wittgensteinienne et de la théorie des situations didactiques. Un de ses enjeux principaux est de montrer l’intérêt de considérer la dévolution comme une nécessité didactique, nécessité liée à la faiblesse de l’ostension comme forme d’explication démonstrative (« Ceci s’appelle, est un… ») dans le processus didactiqueThis text presents a theoretical reflexion on the status of ostension and its connection with devolution from the thesis of the « unsayable » in a teaching relationship, on the « intersection » between Wittgensteinian anthropology and the didactic situations theory. One of its major stakes is to show the interest of considering devolution as a didactic necessity, a necessity linked to the weakness of ostension as a form of demonstrative explication (« This is called, is a… ») in the didactic process

Du donné aux données : analyse épistémologique et méthodologique de quelques effets de l’usage de données vidéographiques sur l’activité de recherche

À partir des cinq productions scientifiques réalisées en prenant appui sur une même séquence vidéo, l’auteur analyse quelques effets méthodologiques et épistémologiques conséquents à cette situation. Comment les chercheurs se sont-ils accommodés de la non correspondance entre leur cadre théorique (habituel) et le donné dont il disposait ? L’auteur conclue en proposant ‘et en opposant) deux sensibilités épistémologiques à l’œuvre dans les régimes de recherche adoptés en référence aux deux déclinaisons de la vérité (aléthéia et omoisis) tel que Heidegger les a discutés.Out of the five scientific productions carried out from a single video sequence, the author analyses some epistemological and methodological effects resulting from this situation. How did researchers adapt themselves to the lack of correspondence between their (usual) theoretical framework and the ‘‘given’’? The author concludes proposing (and opposing) two epistemological sensibilities at work within the research system chosen according to the two form of truth (aletheia and omoisis as discussed by Heidegger

Deuxième cas de tumeur du corps aortique chez la vache

Lombard Charles, Sarrazy J. Deuxième cas de tumeur du corps aortique chez la vache. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 118 n°5, 1965. pp. 209-215

Contribution anthropo-didactique à l’étude des effets de l’individualisme sur la création des inégalités scolaires

L’article présente une recherche anthropo-didactique sur la contribution des interactions verbales maitre-élèves à l’avancée du temps didactique. Dans un premier temps, les auteurs examinent la fonctionnalité du caractère public ou privé des interactions afin de montrer leur rôle dans l’individualisation de l’enseignement et comme un instrument de gestion d’un collectif d’élèves. Dans un second temps, cette perspective est précisée : les auteurs s’intéressent à des interactions dont la visée est d’évacuer tout traitement didactique ou cognitif de certaines interventions d’élèves : les interactions « phatiques ». Les auteurs montrent leur forte utilité à l’avancée du temps didactique ; ce résultat permet d’interroger l’idéologie individualiste fortement plébiscitée aujourd’huiThe article presents an anthropo-didactic research about the role of verbal interactions into the advance of didactic time. In a first step, the authors examine the functionality of the public or private dimension of interactions in order to show their role into the individualization of teaching, and as a tool for the management of a pupils group. In a second time, they clarify this perspective. They study the interactions which aim is to expel didactic or cognitive treatment of pupils’ interventions: the “phatic interactions”. The authors show their utility for the advancing of didactic time. This result leads to question the individualist ideology, very acclaimed toda

The myofibroblast, multiple origins for major roles in normal and pathological tissue repair

Myofibroblasts differentiate, invade and repair injured tissues by secreting and organizing the extracellular matrix and by developing contractile forces. When tissues are damaged, tissue homeostasis must be re-established, and repair mechanisms have to rapidly provide harmonious mechanical tissue organization, a process essentially supported by (myo)fibroblasts. Under physiological conditions, the secretory and contractile activities of myofibroblasts are terminated when the repair is complete (scar formation) but the functionality of the tissue is only rarely perfectly restored. At the end of the normal repair process, myofibroblasts disappear by apoptosis but in pathological situations, myofibroblasts likely remain leading to excessive scarring. Myofibroblasts originate from different precursor cells, the major contribution being from local recruitment of connective tissue fibroblasts. However, local mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and cells derived from an epithelial-mesenchymal transition process, may represent alternative sources of myofibroblasts when local fibroblasts are not able to satisfy the requirement for these cells during repair. These diverse cell types probably contribute to the appearance of myofibroblast subpopulations which show specific biological properties and which are important to understand in order to develop new therapeutic strategies for treatment of fibrotic and scarring diseases

αv integrins: key regulators of tissue fibrosis

Chronic tissue injury with fibrosis results in the disruption of tissue architecture, organ dysfunction and eventual organ failure. Therefore, the development of effective anti-fibrotic therapies is urgently required. During fibrogenesis, complex interplay occurs between cellular and extracellular matrix components of the wound healing response. Integrins, a family of transmembrane cell adhesion molecules, play a key role in mediating intercellular and cell-matrix interactions. Thus, integrins provide a major node of communication between the extracellular matrix, inflammatory cells, fibroblasts and parenchymal cells and, as such, are intimately involved in the initiation, maintenance and resolution of tissue fibrosis. Modulation of members of the αv integrin family has exhibited profound effects on fibrosis in multiple organs and disease states. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the mechanisms of αv-integrin-mediated regulation of fibrogenesis and show that the therapeutic targeting of specific αv integrins represents a promising avenue to treat patients with a broad range of fibrotic diseases

αv integrins on mesenchymal cells regulate skeletal and cardiac muscle fibrosis

The mechanisms underlying tissue fibrosis are unclear. The authors show that mesenchymal cells expressing PDGFRβ mediate fibrosis in skeletal muscle and heart via a mechanism involving αv integrin, and that inhibitors of αv integrins attenuate fibrotic responses in mice

Clinical strategies for the alleviation of contractures from a predictive mathematical model of dermal repair

Hypertrophic scars arise when there is an overproduction of collagen during wound healing. These are often associated with poor regulation of the rate of programmed cell death(apoptosis) of the cells synthesizing the collagen or by an exuberant inflammatory response that prolongs collagen production and increases wound contraction. Severe contractures that occur, for example, after a deep burn can cause loss of function especially if the wound is over a joint such as the elbow or knee. Recently, we have developed a morphoelastic mathematical model for dermal repair that incorporates the chemical, cellular and mechanical aspects of dermal wound healing. Using this model, we examine pathological scarring in dermal repair by first assuming a smaller than usual apoptotic rate for myofibroblasts, and then considering a prolonged inflammatory response, in an attempt to determine a possible optimal intervention strategy to promote normal repair, or terminate the fibrotic scarring response. Our model predicts that in both cases it is best to apply the intervention strategy early in the wound healing response. Further, the earlier an intervention is made, the less aggressive the intervention required. Finally, if intervention is conducted at a late time during healing, a significant intervention is required; however, there is a threshold concentration of the drug or therapy applied, above which minimal further improvement to wound repair is obtained