Los sistemas de evaluación de la investigación y la universidad en América Latina: ¿distintos sistemas para un mismo fin?

En un contexto de profundas transformaciones de la relación Estado-Universidad, caracterizando el accionar del primero como el de un "Estado evaluador", la evaluación en la universidad se asoció inmediatamente a la noción de "calidad" y de "acreditación" de carreras e instituciones. A la par de dichas transformaciones, el Estado implementó programas para alentar el desarrollo de la investigación en la universidad e instauró distintos sistemas de evaluación de la misma, promoviendo en definitiva un nuevo tipo de investigador universitario. El propósito de este trabajo es mostrar qué características han adquirido los diversos sistemas de evaluación de la investigación científica, específicamente aquellos vinculados a la labor realizada en la institución universitaria. Para ello, se han escogido tres casos naciones: México, Venezuela y Argentina. Entre las conclusiones, se señala que si bien los sistemas de evaluación diseñados por estos países ocurrieron dentro del mismo proceso histórico a nivel regional, los rasgos que adquirió cada sistema de evaluación dan cuenta de los distintos modelos de investigación científica y de perfil de profesor-investigador que sustenta a cada uno de ellos.In a context of profound transformations of the State-University relationship, characterizing the actions of the former as an "evaluative State", university assessment has been immediately associated with the notion of "quality" and "accreditation" of careers and institutions. Along with these changes, the State implemented programs to encourage the development of research at universities and established different research evaluation systems (RES), promoting a new type of university researcher. The purpose of this paper is to show the features that have been acquired by the various scientific research evaluation systems, specifically those related to university. To that end, three national cases have been chosen: Mexico, Venezuela and Argentina. Among conclusions, it may be noted that even though evaluation systems designed by these countries occurred within the same historical process at the regional level, the features that each evaluation system acquired account for the different models of scientific research and the profiles of professor- researcher that support each of them.Fil: Sarthou, Nerina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Centro de Estudios Interdiscilplinarios e/problemas Internos y Locales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil; Argentin

A dinâmica da relação entre o CONICET e duas universidades nacionais da Argentina

Este trabajo explora la relación reciente entre el Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) de Argentina y la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) y la Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA). A partir de identificar determinadas dimensiones de análisis, se relevaron las principales iniciativas impulsadas por CONICET y se describió la relación entablada con las universidades estudiadas, para detectar sus características y qué factores parecen incidir en la misma. Los resultados principales muestran, en la última década, un acercamiento del CONI CET a dichas universidades como socio indispensable de la puesta en marcha de la política científico-tecnológica a nivel nacional. Pero la relación que el organismo establece con cada una de ellas está significativamente relacionada con el contexto histórico y político y con la tradición en investigación de cada casa de estudio.The recent relationship established between the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) in Argentina and two national universities: Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNL) and Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA) is reviewed in this paper. After identifying certain analytical dimensions, major initiatives promoted by CONICET for national universities are presented, followed by a description of the relationship established betwen CONICET and each specific university. The paper seeks to identify the features characterizing this relationship and the factors that seem to influence the bond. The main results show that in the last decade CONICET has considered those national universities as an indispensable partner for the implementation of its national science and technology policy. However, the relationship between the Council and each national university is significantly related to the historical and political context and the research tradition of each institution.Este trabalho explora a relação recente entre o Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) da Argentina e duas universidades nacionais: Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) e Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA). Após a identificação de certas dimensões de análise, foram levantadas as principais iniciativas promovidas pelo CONICET para universidades nacionais, e descreveu-se a relação estabelecida com as universidades estudadas, para identificar as características dessa vinculação e quais os fatores que parecem influenciar o relacionamento. Os principais resultados mostram na última década, uma aproximação do CONICET a essas universidades, como parceiro indispensável da implementação da política científica e tecnológica a nível nacional. Mas a relação estabelecida pelo CONICET com cada uma delas está significativamente ligada ao contexto histórico e político e à tradição de pesquisa de cada instituição.Fil: Sarthou, Nerina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios Entre Problemas Internos y Locales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Oregioni, María Soledad. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios Entre Problemas Internos y Locales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil; Argentin

STN keys for the identification of adult european syrphidae 2012

The identification keys presented here include a key to the genera of European Syrphidae and Microdontidae and keys to the species of various genera. They do not comprise a comprehensive set of keys to the identification of European syrphid species. While every effort has been made to ensure that each key is as self-contained and accurate as possible it is not suggested that these keys be used in isolation from other literature on identification of European syrphids. In the StN Species Accounts volume (Speight, 2012) information is given for each species on identification literature, sources of figures of the male terminalia, sources of coloured illustrations of the adult fly etc., together with suggestions (where appropriate) of additional features to use for identification purposes. That information is not repeated here. A genus for which an StN key to the European species exists is indicated in the generic key following the name of the genus, by the phrase “see StN key to European species”. Various syrphid genera are represented in Europe by no more than one species. For these, the generic key provides a mechanism for identification to species level and the name of the European species is given in the generic key, following the name of the genus. This volume is presented in two sections, an English section and a French section. The key to European syrphid genera appears only in the English section. But all of the keys to the species of individual genera appear in both sections. Each key is dated, to show when it was most recently updated. The keys to the species of individual genera are presented in alphabetical order of the genera they cover, under Microdontidae and Syrphidae. No grouping is made of genera in subfamilies or tribes. For further information on the known European species in each genus the StN Species Accounts volume (Speight, 2012) should be consulted. There is unfortunately no standard set of English-language terms used for morphological features in taxonomic literature on Syrphidae. Contrasting accounts are provided by Thompson (1999) and Speight (1987). Part 3 of the present volume presents a Glossary of the terms used for morphological features in the StN keys, together with figures showing those features

El Programa de Incentivos a Docentes Investigadores en Argentina: a dos décadas de su implementación

En noviembre de 1993, las universidades de gestión pública en Argentina fueron destinatarias de una iniciativa explícita de promoción de la investigación: el Programa de Incentivos a Docentes Investigadores de Universidades Nacionales. A dos décadas de su puesta en marcha, este artículo se propone analizar el recorrido histórico que ha atravesado esta política en sus dos etapas: entre 1993 y 2002 y entre 2003 y 2013. Para cada una de ellas se presentan los rasgos sobresalientes del período así como indicadores concretos del Programa, que permiten distinguir los resultados más destacados de su aplicación con el objeto de repensar su diseño e implementación.In November 1993 in Argentina, universities were informed about an initiative to promote research: the Program of Incentives for Teachers and Researchers in National Universities. Two decades after the Program’s inception, this article analyzes the historical path that policy has gone through in its two stages: from 1993 to 2002 and from 2003 to 2013. For each period, the salient features are presented as well as specific program indicators that mark out the most important results of their application in order to rethink their design and implementation

The algebraic immersed interface and boundary method for elliptic equations with jump conditions

A new fictitious domain method, the algebraic immersed interface and boundary (AIIB) method, is presented for elliptic equations with immersed interface conditions. This method allows jump conditions on immersed interfaces to be discretized accurately. The main idea is to create auxiliary unknowns at existing grid locations which increases the degrees of freedom of the initial problem. These auxiliary unknowns allow to impose various constraints to the system on interfaces of complex shapes. For instance, the method is able to deal with immersed interfaces for elliptic equations with jump conditions on the solution or discontinuous coefficients with a second order of spatial accuracy. As the AIIB method acts on an algebraic level and only changes the problem matrix, no particular attention to the initial discretization is required. The method can be easily implemented in any structured grid code and can deal with immersed boundary problems too. Several validation problems are presented to demonstrate the interest and accuracy of the method

Leaf Eh and pH: A Novel Indicator of Plant Stress. Spatial, Temporal and Genotypic Variability in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A wealth of knowledge has been published in the last decade on redox regulations in plants. However, these works remained largely at cellular and organelle levels. Simple indicators of oxidative stress at the plant level are still missing. We developed a method for direct measurement of leaf Eh and pH, which revealed spatial, temporal, and genotypic variations in rice. Eh (redox potential) and Eh@pH7 (redox potential corrected to pH 7) of the last fully expanded leaf decreased after sunrise. Leaf Eh was high in the youngest leaf and in the oldest leaves, and minimum for the last fully expanded leaf. Leaf pH decreased from youngest to oldest leaves. The same gradients in Eh-pH were measured for various varieties, hydric conditions, and cropping seasons. Rice varieties differed in Eh, pH, and/or Eh@pH7. Leaf Eh increases and leaf pH decreases with plant age. These patterns and dynamics in leaf Eh-pH are in accordance with the pattern and dynamics of disease infections. Leaf Eh-pH can bring new insight on redox processes at plant level and is proposed as a novel indicator of plant stress/health. It could be used by agronomists, breeders, and pathologists to accelerate the development of crop cultivation methods leading to agroecological crop protection

Towards a cost-effectiveness analysis of the measurement of biodiversity indicators

A comprehensive quantification of biodiversity in farming systems would require a very significant amount of work (and funds) even for a small area. Therefore, biodiversity indicators are needed to solve the problem of the measurement feasibility. Even though the issue of cost and effectiveness is central for the evaluation of the indicators, only the latter is discussed in detail in the scientific literature. This work presents a cost analysis based on the direct gathering of records from a farm-scale biodiversity survey (EU-FP7, BioBio - “Indicators for biodiversity in organic and low-input farming systems”) where the analysis of costs is part of the project. It is a simple method for comparing different indicators by their ratio of cost/effectiveness. Here we present the results from the French case study (Gascony Hills, Midi-Pyrenees Region)

A global procedure for flow and heat transfer simulation with complex obstacles on curvilinear grids

A global methodology for simulating multiphase flows and heat transfers interacting with complex objects or interfaces is presented. Elliptic equations or Navier-Stokes equations are resolved on a fixed structured curvilinear grid and the solid objects are initially represented by triangular surface elements. Several difficulties arise as soon as these two non-conforming grids have to interact in the same physical problem, and accurate methods are presented for each issues: Lagrangian/Eulerian grid projection, immersed boundary of interface problems, and finally visualization. Hence, a new fast point-in-solid method for curvilinear grid is presented to project Lagrangian shapes on Eulerian grid. A new immersed boundary and interface method is presented, the Algebraic Immersed Interface method. Several validation and application problems are presented to demonstrate the interest and accuracy of the method

The fate of biogenic iron during a phytoplankton bloom induced by natural fertilisation: Impact of copepod grazing

International audienceThe impact of copepod grazing on Fe regeneration was investigated in a naturally iron fertilised area during KEOPS (Kerguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study, Jan.-Feb. 2005). 55Fe labelled natural plankton assemblages (< 200 μm) were offered as food to copepod predators sampled in the field (Calanus propinquus, Rhincalanus gigas, Metridia lucens and Oithona frigida). Diatoms (Eucampia antarctica, Corethron inerme and Navicula spp.) constituted the bulk of the protists whereas microzooplankton (i.e. ciliates and dinoflagellates) were in very low abundance. Copepod grazing on phytoplankton ranged from 0.3 to 2.6 µgC ind-1 d-1 and reflected low utilisation of the food stocks (1-10% of total Chlorophyll a d-1) and low daily rations (0.2-3.3 % body C d-1). Copepod grazing resulted in a 1.7-2.3-fold increase in Fe regeneration. Fe speciation determined by extraction onto C18 columns showed that less than 1% of the regenerated Fe was complexed with hydrophobic organic ligands. This suggests that Fe was regenerated as inorganic species and/or bound to freely soluble organic ligands. The biogenic Fe budget established from our study and literature based data indicates that most of the primary production is recycled through the detrital pool, which represents the largest Fe pool (49% of total Fe). Our iron budget further indicates that mesozooplankton and diatoms represent the dominant Fe biomasses above the Kerguelen plateau. The rate of Fe regeneration accounts for half of the Fe demand, strengthening the need for new Fe sources to sustain the massive phytoplankton bloom above the Kerguelen plateau