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A partir de la performance de Coco Fusco intitulada "Words May Not Be Found" (Berlin, 2017) y desde el concepto de "campo expandido" (expanded field) de Rosalind Krauss (1979) y de la crítica de Rebecca Schneider a la noción de inmediatez de la performance, este texto pretende mostrar algunos de los componentes que permiten pensar "la documentación" de la performance en video como ese medio donde se expande el campo de la performance a partir del del teatro y del video.Departing from Coco Fusco's performance entitled “Words May Not Be Found” (Berlin, 2017), as well as taking into consideration Krauss's concept of expanded field and Rebbeca Schneider's critique of the notion of immediacy of performance, this text discusses "the documentation" of performance through video. This is approached as the medium that expands the field of performance into the future and into an "alive" dimension of the archive through theater and video

The Political Economy of School Size: Evidence from Chilean Rural Counties

Public schools in Chile receive a per-student subsidy depending on enrollment, and are managed by local governments that operate under soft budget constraints. In this paper, we study the effects of this system on per-student expenditures. Per-student expenditures on rural areas are 30% higher than in urban areas. We find that about 75% of this difference is due to the fact that rural public schools are significantly smaller and thus do not benefit from economies of scale. Besides, we also show that in our preferred estimates about 50% of the students in rural areas could be moved to schools that could exploit economies of scale – i.e., these students could attend bigger schools traveling at most an hour day a day in total. We show that even if we use conservative average speed rates or control for transportation, utility and infrastructure costs, there is a sizeable share of students that could be consolidated. We argue that local governments that have soft budget constraints do not consolidate these schools giving the existing potential because of political factors: closing schools is harmful for mayors in electoral terms. Consistent with this claim, we find that a decrease in the degree of political competition in areas with better access to non-voucher transfers from the central government (i.e. with softer budget constraints) decreases the extent of the inefficiency.

Retinoic acid as a modulator of T cell immunity

Indexación: Scopus. DOAJ.Vitamin A, a generic designation for an array of organic molecules that includes retinal, retinol and retinoic acid, is an essential nutrient needed in a wide array of aspects including the proper functioning of the visual system, maintenance of cell function and differentiation, epithelial surface integrity, erythrocyte production, reproduction, and normal immune function. Vitamin A deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies worldwide and is associated with defects in adaptive immunity. Reports from epidemiological studies, clinical trials and experimental studies have clearly demonstrated that vitamin A plays a central role in immunity and that its deficiency is the cause of broad immune alterations including decreased humoral and cellular responses, inadequate immune regulation, weak response to vaccines and poor lymphoid organ development. In this review, we will examine the role of vitamin A in immunity and focus on several aspects of T cell biology such as T helper cell differentiation, function and homing, as well as lymphoid organ development. Further, we will provide an overview of the effects of vitamin A deficiency in the adaptive immune responses and how retinoic acid, through its effect on T cells can fine-tune the balance between tolerance and immunity.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/6/34

Analisis Pengaruh Pengembangan Ukuran Kemasan dan Harga Terhadap Penjualan Produk pada PT. Rena Djaja Semarang

Setiap perusahaan ingin menjadi pemenang dalam memasarkan produknya. Dalam mencapai tujuannya, perusahaan perlu melakukan kebijakan-kebijakan bisnisnya untuk meraih pangsa pasar yang diinginkan. Diantaranya adalah kebijakan pengembangan ukuran kemasan produk dan harga. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh pengembangan ukuran kemasan produk dan harga terhadap penjualan produk baik secara parsial maupun simultan. Pengembangan ukuran kemasan produk yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan diharapkan dapat menunjang keberhasilan langkah perusahaan dalam mencapai penjualan produk yang telah direncanakan. Setiap ukuran kemasan produk yang dikeluarkan diharapkan mampu meningkatkan penjualan produk, sehingga akan berimbas pada besarnya keuntungan yang diperoleh. Demikian pula dengan kebijakan penetapan harga, dengan penentuan harga yang tepat diharapakan perusahaan mampu memperoleh laba yang diinginkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan tipe eksplanatory dan data yang digunakan menggunakan data time series. Metode pengumpulan data yaitu teknik wawancara dan dokumentasi. Data yang digunakan merupakan data yang berasal dari laporan penjualan, data harga dan data pengembangan ukuran kemasan produk perusahaan yang kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji regresi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan ukuran kemasan dan harga berpengaruh positif terhadap penjualan produk. Pengaruh terbesar diberikan oleh pengembangan ukuran kemasan produk yaitu bersifat positif dimana bila ukuran kemasan produk mengalami penambahan maka penjualan produk juga akan mengalami kenaikan, begitu juga sebaliknya. Sedangkan pengaruh harga bersifat positif dimana bila harga produk naik maka penjualan produk akan bergerak naik pula. Adapun saran yang dapat diberikan sebagai masukan bagi perusahaan adalah hendaknya perusahaan tidak ragu untuk mengembangkan ukuran kemasan produknya agar penjualan produk terus meningkat. Seiring dengan berkembanganya produk yang dihasilkan, perusahaan juga harus menetapkan kebijakan harga yang tepat sehingga dapat mendukung meningkatnya penjualan produk yang diperoleh perusahaan

O clima está quente, né?: justaposições e distanciamentos entre público e especialistas brasileiros sobre as mudanças climáticas

A urgência em comunicar a necessidade premente de ações capazes de enfrentar as mudanças climáticas motivou a realização da presente pesquisa, que tem por objetivo final equipar os comunicadores e especialistas com ferramentas de comunicação eficazes para traduzir o entendimento dos especialistas brasileiros em conceitos que o público brasileiro e os agentes-chave do campo em questão possam compreender e utilizar. O presente relatório é o resultado da primeira etapa desta pesquisa e tem como objetivo específico comparar o entendimento do público e dos especialistas brasileiros sobre as mudanças climáticas, de modo a mapear os distanciamentos e sobreposições entre ambos os discursos.A pesquisa na qual este trabalho se baseia foi realizada com o apoio do Instituto Arapyaú, utilizando a metodologia desenvolvida pelo Instituto FrameWorks (Washington, DC)

Cyclosporin A-treated Dendritic Cells may affect the outcome of organ transplantation by decreasing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell proliferation

http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602010000300010&lng=es&nrm=isoOne of the mechanisms for generation of tolerance involves immature dendritic cells (DCs) and a subpopulation of regulatory CD4+ CD25+ T lymphocytes (TREG). The purpose of this work was to analyze how Cyclosporine A (CsA), a widely used immunosuppressive drug, may affect TREG proliferation. Purified and activated murine DCs obtained from bone marrow precursors differentiated with rGMCSF were co-cultured with purified CFSE-labeled TREG from OTII mice, and their phenotype and proliferation analyzed by flow cytometry. Our data indicate that DCs differentiated in the presence of CsA show an altered phenotype, with a lower expression of MHC-II and a lower activating capacity. Additionally, these CsA-treated DCs show decreased production of IL-2 and IL-12 and increased IL-10 secretion when stimulated with LPS, indicating an effect on the polarization of the immune response. Interestingly, CsA-treated DCs show an anti-tolerogenic effect since they reduce the proliferation of TREG cells from 72 to 47%. Further inhibition to a 24% of TREG proliferation was obtained as a direct effect of CsA on TREG. In conclusion, the anti-tolerogenic effect of CsA should be considered in the planning of immunosuppression in the context of clinical transplantation

In vitro-generated Tc17 cells present a memory phenotype and serve as a reservoir of Tc1 cells in vivo

Indexación: Scopus.Memory CD8+ T cells are ideal candidates for cancer immunotherapy because they can mediate long-term protection against tumors. However, the therapeutic potential of different in vitro-generated CD8+ T cell effector subsets to persist and become memory cells has not been fully characterized. Type 1 CD8+ T (Tc1) cells produce interferon-γ and are endowed with high cytotoxic capacity, whereas IL-17-producing CD8+ T (Tc17) cells are less cytotoxic but display enhanced self-renewal capacity. We sought to evaluate the functional properties of in vitro-generated Tc17 cells and elucidate their potential to become long lasting memory cells. Our results show that in vitro-generated Tc17 cells display a greater in vivo persistence and expansion in response to secondary antigen stimulation compared to Tc1 cells. When transferred into recipient mice, Tc17 cells persist in secondary lymphoid organs, present a recirculation behavior consistent with central memory T cells, and can shift to a Tc1 phenotype. Accordingly, Tc17 cells are endowed with a higher mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity than Tc1 cells and express higher levels of memory-related molecules than Tc1 cells. Together, these results demonstrate that in vitro-generated Tc17 cells acquire a central memory program and provide a lasting reservoir of Tc1 cells in vivo, thus supporting the use of Tc17 lymphocytes in the design of novel and more effective therapies.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00209/ful

The Body Perfect: On Disability, Experience and the Aesthetics of Expertise.

This is a provocation. It does not aim for a seamless narrative. The erudition and argument that create narrative smoothness are identified, here, as indexes of the aesthetic values that define Brazilian and British academic training, values that I would like to unpack. Specifically, the suppression of those experiences perceived as less than perfect is what concerns me. Through my experiences as a Deaf anthropologist, I reflect on the relation between aesthetic values, a powerful need to maintain “the body perfect” and, consequently, labour separate from personal experience in Brazilian and British universities. By reflecting on how “the body perfect” emerges through a protection of whiteness, I also hope to begin to explore the relation between racism and ableism that infuses academic aesthetics of expertise. In doing so, my provocation contributes to opening up spaces where reimagining diversity can actually take place in the academy

Perilaku Pencarian Informasi dan Strategi Promosi Informasi Kesehatan Stunting oleh Tenaga Kesehatan

Penelitian ini berjudul “Perilaku Pencarian Informasi dan Strategi Promosi Informasi Kesehatan Stunting Oleh Tenaga Kesehatan”. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk Perilaku pencarian informasi dan promosi informasi kesehatan stunting yang dilakukan oleh tenaga kesehatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Puskesmas Ulee Kareng Kota Banda Aceh. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara wawancara dan dokumentasi. Analisis data terdiri dari reduksi data, penyajian data, dan menarik kesimpulan atau verifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perilaku pencarian informasi kesehatan stunting yang paling utama dilakukan oleh tenaga kesehatan Puskesmas Ulee Kareng ialah tahapan eksploration dan collection. Sedangkan strategi promosi informasi kesehatan stunting yang paling dominan dilakukan oleh tenaga kesehatan Puskesmas Ulee Kareng berupa dukungan sosial. Adapun kendala yang dihadapi dalam perilaku pencarian informasi dan strategi promosi informasi kesehatan stunting di Puskesmas Ulee Kareng ialah banyaknya informasi dari sumber atau artikel yang tertutup akses, kurangnya tenaga kesehatan dan kurangnya feedback dari stakeholder terhadap kerjasama terkait promosi kesehatan stunting