Micellar Promoted Multi-Component Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazoles in Water at Room Temperature

Micellar media in water provide a simple and efficient environment to favor the multi-component synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles from organic bromides, sodium azide and terminal alkynes in the presence of [Cu(IMes)Cl] 1 catalyst at room temperature within few hours. The micellar medium favors both the in situ formation of the organic azide and its metal promoted cycloaddition with the alkyneMicellar media in water provide a simple and efficient environment favoring the multi-component synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles from organic bromides, sodium azide and terminal alkynes in the presence of [Cu(IMes)Cl] 1 catalyst at room temperature within a few hours. The micellar medium favors both the in situ formation of the organic azide and its metal promoted cycloaddition with the alkyne

Heteroatom Donor‐Decorated Polymer‐Immobilized Ionic Liquid Stabilized Palladium Nanoparticles : Efficient Catalysts for Room‐Temperature Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling in Aqueous Media

Palladium nanoparticles stabilized by heteroatom donor‐modified polystyrene‐based polymer immobilized ionic liquids (PdNP@HAD‐PIILP; HAD‐PPh2, OMe, NH2, CN, pyrrolidone) are highly efficient catalysts for the Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling in aqueous media under mild conditions. Catalyst modified with phosphine was consistently the most efficient as it gave high yields across a range of substrates under mild conditions at low catalyst loadings. Incorporation of polyethylene glycol into the phosphine modified immobilised ionic liquid support improved catalyst efficacy by improving dispersibility and facilitating access to the active site. Moreover, each of the heteroatom modified catalysts was more active than the corresponding unsubstituted imidazolium‐based polystyrene benchmark as well as commercial samples of Pd/C. Catalyst generated in situ from either [PdCl4]@PPh2‐PIILP or its PEGylated counterpart [PdCl4]@PPh2‐PEGPIILP, by reduction with phenylboronic acid, outperformed their pre‐formed counterparts for the vast majority of substrates examined. The turnover frequency of 16,300 h−1 obtained at room temperature is one of the highest to be reported for palladium nanoparticle‐catalysed Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling between 4‐bromoacetophenone and phenylboronic acid in aqueous media under such mild conditions

Motor unit involvement and activities in respiratory muscles during spirometric measurements of obstructive and restrictive lung diseases in 14-20 years male

Introduction: Breathing involves respiratory muscle activities by recruiting motor units. The obstructive and restrictive lung diseases were categorized based on spirometric measurement. Measurement of respiratory muscle function is important in the diagnosis of respiratory disease or dysfunction. Purpose: This study focuses on the involvement of motor units in diaphragm, external intercostals and latissimus dorsi muscles during voluntary contractions in young boys having obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. Materials and methods: Fifty eight young male (14-20 years) were participated and they were grouped into three (normal, restrictive and obstructive) according to their lung condition measured by Spirometry. One way ANOVA was done to understand the significant differences between the muscles of three groups. Involvement of motor unit was shown by plotting the Line diagrams. Mean and standard deviation along with one way ANOVA were calculated in case of three respiratory muscles (External intercostals, Diaphragm, and latissimus dorsi) for three groups. Results: No significant differences were found among three groups during performing Forced vital capacity (FVC), Slow vital capacity (SVC), Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), and Minute ventilation (MV). Line diagram shows that during FVC, SVC, and MVV responses of different muscles are higher in three different groups except during MV. Conclusion: This study states that motor unit involvement is different in the case of three different conditions. It can be concluded that restrictive and obstructive diseases might not be interpreted on the basis of only spirometric measurements in static and dynamic lung conditions. Motor unit activation and responses of major respiratory muscles were important determinants during spirometric measurements </jats:p

Motor unit involvement and activities in respiratory muscles during spirometric measurements of obstructive and restrictive lung diseases in 14-20 years male

Introduction: Breathing involves respiratory muscle activities by recruiting motor units. The obstructive and restrictive lung diseases were categorized based on spirometric measurement. Measurement of respiratory muscle function is important in the diagnosis of respiratory disease or dysfunction. Purpose: This study focuses on the involvement of motor units in diaphragm, external intercostals and latissimus dorsi muscles during voluntary contractions in young boys having obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. Materials and methods: Fifty eight young male (14-20 years) were participated and they were grouped into three (normal, restrictive and obstructive) according to their lung condition measured by Spirometry. One way ANOVA was done to understand the significant differences between the muscles of three groups. Involvement of motor unit was shown by plotting the Line diagrams. Mean and standard deviation along with one way ANOVA were calculated in case of three respiratory muscles (External intercostals, Diaphragm, and latissimus dorsi) for three groups. Results: No significant differences were found among three groups during performing Forced vital capacity (FVC), Slow vital capacity (SVC), Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), and Minute ventilation (MV). Line diagram shows that during FVC, SVC, and MVV responses of different muscles are higher in three different groups except during MV. Conclusion: This study states that motor unit involvement is different in the case of three different conditions. It can be concluded that restrictive and obstructive diseases might not be interpreted on the basis of only spirometric measurements in static and dynamic lung conditions. Motor unit activation and responses of major respiratory muscles were important determinants during spirometric measurement

Convenient Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles and Catalysis of Hiyama Coupling Reaction in Water

An efficient synthesis of Pd nanoparticles in water has been developed using a Fischer carbene complex of tungsten as the reductant and PEG as the capping agent. The colloidal palladium (1 mol %) efficiently catalyzes Hiyama cross-coupling reactions performed in air. Excellent yields of products were obtained with a wide range of substrates. Catalytic activity and stability of the nanoparticles were found to be inversely correlated