Texture evolution of "Amaretti" cookies during storage

The results of a study on texture evolution during 35 days of storage of ldquoamarettirdquo, a typical Italian cookie, packaged in two different ways are reported. Amaretti cookies were wrapped in polyvinylchloride (PVC) film or aluminium foil (ALL), to simulate two different permeability conditions and stored at controlled temperature and humidity. Evolution of texture (such as hardness) and aw were tested instrumentally by a texture analyser and a hygrometer, respectively. Texture was assessed by a cut and puncturing test. Indices for hardening were the area under the curve (N mm) and gradient (N/mm) for the puncturing test and maximum force (N) for the cut test. Both textural tests showed significantly higher hardening of PVC cookies, compared to the ALL cookies. The latter retained good sensorial properties at the end of the storage period, although their internal structure changed from soft and moist to mealy, while the PVC cookies were no longer edible only 10 days after baking. aw values decreased and increased in PVC and ALL lots, respectively. The results suggest that hardening may be explained by water loss in PVC and moisture redistribution in ALL

Effects of additives and ingredient sizing on the shelf-life of "Amaretti" cookies

Cookies are characterised by moisture and water activity (aw) higher than 7% and 0.5, respectively. Cookies have the capacity of bending after baking, when they are fresh, unlike biscuits that break when bent. Hardening is the main cause of quality deterioration of cookies, which change from soft and pliable to firm and crumbly within a few days or even hours after baking. Little research has been done on cookies. "Amaretti" are typical Italian cookies, found in several regions of Italy. Freshly baked "Amaretti" are soft and delicious but undergo severe hardening after seven to ten days, thus limiting the shelf-life, so Amaretti can be marketed only locally. In the present work several attempts have been made in order to extend the shelf-life of Sardinian "Amaretti". In particular, changes to the formulation and to the almond particle size were made. The traditional formulation was, in fact, modified by adding rice starch (thickening agent) or mono-diglyceride of fatty acids (emulsifier). Almonds were grinded to a particle size lower or higher than 1 mm. Amaretti baked with the traditional recipe were used as control. After baking and cooling cookies were wrapped with an aluminium foil and stored at controlled temperature and humidity. Evolution of texture (as hardness) and aw during storage were followed instrumentally by a texture analyser and a hygrometer, respectively

A metabolomic approach to animal vitreous humor topographical composition: A pilot study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a 1H-NMR-based metabolomic approach to explore the metabolomic signature of different topographical areas of vitreous humor (VH) in an animal model. Five ocular globes were enucleated from five goats and immediately frozen at 280uC. Once frozen, three of them were sectioned, and four samples corresponding to four different VH areas were collected: the cortical, core, and basal, which was further divided into a superior and an inferior fraction. An additional two samples were collected that were representative of the whole vitreous body. 1H-NMR spectra were acquired for twenty-three goat vitreous samples with the aim of characterizing the metabolomic signature of this biofluid and identifying whether any site-specific patterns were present. Multivariate statistical analysis (MVA) of the spectral data were carried out, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). A unique metabolomic signature belonging to each area was observed. The cortical area was characterized by lactate, glutamine, choline, and its derivatives, N-acetyl groups, creatine, and glycerol; the core area was characterized by glucose, acetate, and scyllo-inositol; and the basal area was characterized by branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), betaine, alanine, ascorbate, lysine, and myo-inositol. We propose a speculative approach on the topographic role of these molecules that are mainly responsible for metabolic differences among the as-identified areas. 1H-NMR-based metabolomic analysis has shown to be an important tool for investigating the VH. In particular, this approach was able to assess in the samples here analyzed the presence of different functional areas on the basis of a different metabolite distribution.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a 1H-NMR-based metabolomic approach to explore the metabolomic signature of different topographical areas of vitreous humor (VH) in an animal model. Five ocular globes were enucleated from five goats and immediately frozen at -80°C. Once frozen, three of them were sectioned, and four samples corresponding to four different VH areas were collected: the cortical, core, and basal, which was further divided into a superior and an inferior fraction. An additional two samples were collected that were representative of the whole vitreous body. 1H-NMR spectra were acquired for twenty-three goat vitreous samples with the aim of characterizing the metabolomic signature of this biofluid and identifying whether any site-specific patterns were present. Multivariate statistical analysis (MVA) of the spectral data were carried out, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). A unique metabolomic signature belonging to each area was observed. The cortical area was characterized by lactate, glutamine, choline, and its derivatives, N-acetyl groups, creatine, and glycerol; the core area was characterized by glucose, acetate, and scyllo-inositol; and the basal area was characterized by branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), betaine, alanine, ascorbate, lysine, and myo-inositol. We propose a speculative approach on the topographic role of these molecules that are mainly responsible for metabolic differences among the as-identified areas. 1H-NMR-based metabolomic analysis has shown to be an important tool for investigating the VH. In particular, this approach was able to assess in the samples here analyzed the presence of different functional areas on the basis of a different metabolite distribution. © 2014 Locci et al

WHO Clinical Staging of HIV Infection and Disease, Tuberculosis and Eligibility for Antiretroviral Treatment: Relationship to CD4 Lymphocyte Counts.

SETTING: Thyolo district, Malawi. OBJECTIVES: To determine in HIV-positive individuals aged over 13 years CD4 lymphocyte counts in patients classified as WHO Clinical Stage III and IV and patients with active and previous tuberculosis (TB). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: CD4 lymphocyte counts were determined in all consecutive HIV-positive individuals presenting to the antiretroviral clinic in WHO Stage III and IV. RESULTS: A CD4 lymphocyte count of < or = 350 cells/microl was found in 413 (90%) of 457 individuals in WHO Stage III and IV, 96% of 77 individuals with active TB, 92% of 65 individuals with a history of pulmonary TB (PTB) in the last year, 91% of 89 individuals with a previous history of PTB beyond 1 year, 81% of 32 individuals with a previous history of extra-pulmonary TB, 93% of 107 individuals with active or past TB with another HIV-related disease and 89% of 158 individuals with active or past TB without another HIV-related disease. CONCLUSIONS: In our setting, nine of 10 HIV-positive individuals presenting in WHO Stage III and IV and with active or previous TB have CD4 counts of < or = 350 cells/microl. It would thus be reasonable, in this or similar settings where CD4 counts are unavailable for clinical management, for all such patients to be considered eligible for antiretroviral therapy

Studio dell'impronta isotopica del deuterio di oli alimentari mediante la spettroscopia NMR del 2H e 1H

A report is given on 2H and 1H NMR investigations of a number of triacylglycerol mixtures of edible oils and squalene samples extracted from extra virgin olive oil, shark liver and synthetic. The average numbers of hydrogen and deuterium for the olefinic, methylene and methyl sites were determined, and some parameters describing the different fractionation of deuterium in the various sites were obtained. The results have been discussed in terms of the biosynthesis steps involved in the elongation and desaturation processes of the fatty acids, and in the condensation and reduction processes of the squalene. From a principal components analysis distinct domains have been found for the squalene samples from shark liver, olive oil and synthetic

Metabolomic patterns associated to QTc interval in shiftworkers: an explorative analysis

Objectives: 1H NMR-metabolomic approach was used to investigate QTc interval correlation with plasma metabolic profiles in shiftworkers. Methods: Socio-demographic data, electrocardiographic QTc interval and plasma metabolic profiles from 32 male shiftworkers, were correlated by multivariate regression analysis. Results: We found a positive correlation between QTc interval values, body mass index, glycemia and lactate level and a negative correlation between QTc interval and both pyroglutamate and 3-hydroxybutyrate plasma level. Conclusions: Our analysis provides evidence of the association between clinical, metabolic profiles and QTc interval values. This could be used to identify markers of early effects and/or susceptibility in shiftworker

Lack of effect of apolipoprotein C3 polymorphisms on indices of liver steatosis, lipid profile and insulin resistance in obese Southern Europeans.

RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are.BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) is a component of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and APOC3 rs2854116 and rs2854117 polymorphisms have been associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertriglyceridaemia, and insulin-resistance. OBJECTIVE: To determine if the APOC3 variants alter the susceptibility of obese subjects to develop liver damage, hypertrigliceridaemia, and insulin-resistance. METHODS: The study was carried out on 585 unrelated obese Italians (median body mass index BMI = 41 kg/m2) who were genotyped for the rs2854116 and rs2854117 variants. All participants underwent oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), with measurement of glucose, insulin, lipid parameters. Indices of insulin-resistance (HOMA and ISI) were calculated. Alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were used as markers of liver injury. RESULTS: The study subjects were divided into two groups: those homozygous for the wild-type alleles at both SNPs (-482C and -455T alleles) and those who were carriers of at least one variant allele or both (-482T, -455C or both). Also each SNP was analysed independently. No significant differences were found in ALT and AST levels and in the lipid profile between the two groups. Insulin concentrations, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION: We did not identify any significant association between APOC3 polymorphisms and fatty liver disease, lipids, and insulin-resistance in obese subjects, thus not confirming the suggested role of these APOC3 gene sequence variants

Mechanical correlates of dyspnea in bronchial asthma.

We hypothesized that dyspnea and its descriptors, that is, chest tightness, inspiratory effort, unrewarded inspiration, and expiratory difficulty in asthma reflect different mechanisms of airflow obstruction and their perception varies with the severity of bronchoconstriction. Eighty-three asthmatics were studied before and after inhalation of methacholine doses decreasing the 1-sec forced expiratory volume by ~15% (mild bronchoconstriction) and ~25% (moderate bronchoconstriction). Symptoms were examined as a function of changes in lung mechanics. Dyspnea increased with the severity of obstruction, mostly because of inspiratory effort and chest tightness. At mild bronchoconstriction, multivariate analysis showed that dyspnea was related to the increase in inspiratory resistance at 5 Hz (R 5) (r (2) = 0.10, P = 0.004), chest tightness to the decrease in maximal flow at 40% of control forced vital capacity, and the increase in R 5 at full lung inflation (r (2) = 0.15, P = 0.006), inspiratory effort to the temporal variability in R 5-19 (r (2) = 0.13, P = 0.003), and unrewarded inspiration to the recovery of R 5 after deep breath (r (2) = 0.07, P = 0.01). At moderate bronchoconstriction, multivariate analysis showed that dyspnea and inspiratory effort were related to the increase in temporal variability in inspiratory reactance at 5 Hz (X 5) (r (2) = 0.12, P = 0.04 and r (2) = 0.18, P &lt; 0.001, respectively), and unrewarded inspiration to the decrease in X 5 at maximum lung inflation (r (2) = 0.07, P = 0.04). We conclude that symptom perception is partly explained by indexes of airway narrowing and loss of bronchodilatation with deep breath at low levels of bronchoconstriction, but by markers of ventilation heterogeneity and lung volume recruitment when bronchoconstriction becomes more severe

Pseudomonas aeruginosa related to Nosocomial and Animal infections. New approaches in diagnosis and therapy

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a small bacillus gram negative, aerobic, asporogenous, monoflagellate, non-fermenting. P. aeruginosa infections often have a very severe course and are difficult to treat because of its ability to form biofilms characterized by a thick capsule coated with alginate (an exopolysaccharide consisting of D-mannuronic acid and glucuronic acid monomers). Alginate represent the main component of the extracellular matrix of P. aeruginosa biofilm; as a consequence, the alginate lysis facilitates the spread of antimicrobial substances. In fact, this extracellular matrix makes these micro-organisms resistant to antimicrobial agents and leads to the emergence of multidrug resistant clinical isolates (MDR) during therapy. Mutations in the mucA gene encode a protein involved in the production of this exopolysaccharide. In fact, in vitro inactivation of mucA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (non-mucoid) produces Alg+ strains; this seems to indicate, therefore, that mucA acts as a negative regulator of the production of alginate because it can bind and sequester the factor σ22, through the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain. The risk of P. aeruginosa infection may be related to several factors such as: (i) inappropriate therapies or prophylaxis measures, (ii) failure in the environmental monitoring systems (iii) inadequate laboratory protocols for detecting MDR strains. For example, the inappropriate use of peroxides as disinfectants could be increase the mutation rate in mucA gene. In this context, the P. aeruginosa biofilm studies allow to characterize new antimicrobials and to ascertain what are the useful ranges of the disinfectant that do not induce the mucoid phenotype more virulent and more resistant respectively to the not mucoid phenotype. Mutations present in the promoter of the gene or along the amino terminal part of the protein modulate an alginate hyper-expression giving the biofilm a barrier almost impermeable to the antimicrobials, this aspect must be considered during the use of oxidizing microbicides such as hydrogen peroxides, in able to determine mutations in the mucA gene. This work aims to study P. aeruginosa infections and its environmental contaminations as a global health problem. In fact, this multi-task pathogen can contaminate different areas in human, veterinary and agricultural fields. For this reason, a comprehensive work must be performed by different strategies in these points: 1 Pathogen detection: in this work, we describe a fast-molecular approach to detect the initial pathogen biofilm samples contaminated with Pseudomonas spp. (P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens and P. putida). This procedure is based on the particular bi-functional FRET oligonucleotide probes named DUAL-FRET. 2 mucA / alginate profile: in P. aeruginosa, mucA genotype resulted essential to reveal high drug-resistant strains due to alginate hyperproduction in the biofilm. 3 Evaluation of potential new antimicrobials: a critical point in anti - P. aeruginosa prophylaxis is represented by the absence of highly performant disinfectant. 4 New cultural systems: design/use of bioreactors able to reproduce, in standard controlled conditions, the initial parameters in the primary contamination area, for example the cold storage implants in the food production 5 Future strategies: following the recent new molecular procedures obtained in biological field could be possible to design new clinical/laboratory strategies against P. aeruginosa, for example the study of miRNAs

Hydrogen: technologies, policies and strategies

openThis thesis, entitled "Hydrogen: Technologies, Policies and Strategies", examines the pivotal role of green hydrogen in the transition to sustainable energy systems. It emphasises the necessity of addressing climate change and the potential of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier. The work examines the various forms of hydrogen, outlining the processes involved in its production, including electrolysis and storage, as well as its transportation. It also analyses the policies at the national and international levels that influence the development of the hydrogen industry, with a focus on the United States and the European Union. Furthermore, the thesis assesses Italy's strategy for green hydrogen, evaluating ongoing projects and the National Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (PNIEC) to assess its targets and initiatives