Diskontinuierliche Erwerbskarrieren und Berufswechsel in den 1990ern : Strukturmuster und biografische Umgangsweisen betrieblich ausgebildeter Fachkräfte (Interrupted employment histories and change of occupation in the 1990s : structural pattern and biographical behaviour of qualified employees trained in companies)

"A widespread thesis assumes that as a consequence of the socio-economic change in industrial societies firstly the 'normal life' centred around gainful employment is disappearing and secondly the occupation is losing its institutional stability and thus its significance for employment and as an orientational quantity in the shaping of biographies. Even if there is agreement that employment is changing its shape, there has not yet been sufficient empirical clarification as to how far these processes of change have progressed or how strongly they are reflected in biographies. The paper deals with these consequences of the change for biographies as well as subjects and organisation methods related to occupational biography. On the basis of a quantitative longitudinal study with a cohort of young skilled employees whose occupational development was followed from completion of training in 1989/90 until approx. eight years later, and taking as an example six of the most common training occupations with different labour market prospects, it is shown that neither interrupted occupational histories nor changes of occupation are exceptional phenomena but that they have become normality. However, discontinuity is not to be equated per se with instability or precariousness, and to a certain extent occupational histories and changes of occupation continue to be influenced by the occupation itself. On the basis of qualitative longitudinal data obtained with a sub-sample of the quantitative panel, discontinuous employment histories and changes of occupation are examined from a subject- related viewpoint. Here it becomes clear firstly that also the different forms of interpretation and structure of discontinuity are related in some cases to the occupation and that for young adults with discontinuous employment histories employment retains a high level of subjective relevance. Secondly it emerges that a change of occupation is in most cases preceded by the creation of a new occupational orientation with the result that a high subjective connective force is attached to the occupation. According to the conclusion, the occupational concept continues to play an important role as an explanatory potential for employment histories, and for young adults in its orientation function." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))Fachkräfte, Berufsverlauf, Berufswechsel, Erwerbsunterbrechung, Ausbildungsabsolventen, junge Erwachsene, Berufskonzept, Erwerbsarbeit, adäquate Beschäftigung

The Third Way for the Third Sector: Using Design to Transfer Knowledge and Improve Service in a Voluntary Community Sector Organisation

This paper describes a two-year Knowledge Transfer Partnership that concluded in September 2011. Knowledge Transfer Partnerships (KTP) is a UK-wide activity that helps organisations to improve their competitiveness and productivity by making better use of knowledge, technology and skills within universities, colleges and research organisations. This paper details the outcome of a KTP between Age UK Newcastle and Northumbria University’s School of Design that aimed to use Design approaches to improve the charity’s services. This paper will describe the recent context for organisations operating in the Voluntary Community Sector and discuss the relevance of a Design approach to both the improvement of customer services in this circumstance, as well as the transfer of knowledge to a capacity-starved organisation. It will also document how Design was used to achieve both of these aims, and the resulting impact of this engagement on the organisation and stakeholders

Social commoning as a way to transition towards alternative systems by design

Increased interest in systemic design approaches and their impact on climate and societal crises make revisiting the theories of the commons and their applicability to system transitions a timely endeavour. By examining a case study of a marine protected area in the South African ocean, the paper explores how a commoning practice could be applied more intentionally in system design to increase cooperation amongst system actors and apply a multispecies - as opposed to human-centred - perspective to the management of natural, social, and immaterial resources. By tracing the historical understandings of the commons, the study explores how Ostrom’s design principles could be applied as a set of heuristics to help system actors thrive in improved cohabitation. Thus, the paper draws on a working hypothesis of how economic and complexity theory could be integrated with systems thinking to create the conditions for increased stakeholder cooperation and alternative systems by design

Yearbook of the Maimonides Centre for Advanced Studies 2016

The Yearbook mirrors the annual activities of staff and visiting fellows of the Maimonides Centre and reports on symposia, workshops, and lectures taking place at the Centre. Although aimed at a wider audience, the yearbook also contains academic articles and book reviews on scepticism in Judaism and scepticism in general. Staff, visiting fellows, and other international scholars are invited to contribute

Reproducibility and optimization in capillary electrophoresis

It is well known that poor quantitative reproducibility substantially limits the practical implementation of capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations in chemical analysis. The principal sources of variance in observed peak areas are irreproducible flow rate which influences on-column detector response, and inconsistent injection volume or amount. In addition, current efforts in our laboratory to assess sources of quantitative variance for separations of dansylated amino acids using an automated CE system are presented and related when appropriate to the body of existing knowledge on this important topic. A comparison of different injection methods, the effect of random changes in electroosmotic flow (EOF), and choice of certain peak integration parameters in terms of peak area reproducibility are presented. An approach is presented to optimize conditions for capillary electrophoresis separations of multi-analyte enantiomeric-pairs (D- and LDansyl (Dns)-amino acids) that involves the rational use of combinations of cyclodextrins (CDs) as enantio-selective running buffer additives. Migration data is experimentally obtained for a range of concentrations for native CDs used individually and employed to determine inclusion constants for the Dns-amino acids of interest. Simplex methods are then employed for the first time to optimize conditions for the separation of amino acid enantiomers. The validity of this approach is demonstrated for separations of five Dns-amino acids enantiomers using y- and f3-CDs at various concentrations. Extending the dual-CD approach to other CDs and increasing the number of CDs beyond two should be possible. To this end, preliminary experiments are performed by using several available single-isomer, derivatized CDs (individually) to determine if they have potential for further studies. It was found that molecular mechanics modeling is useful in interpreting those cases where low inclusion constants likely contributed to the ineffectiveness of the CDs. Finally, it is important in CE to have solute identification capabilities for unknown mixtures and because of the variable electroosmotic flow, which causes irreproducible migration times. A counter flow arrangement for surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy was developed for this purpose and colloidal silver is added externally since it can affect efficiency when inserted in the running buffer

Tyrosine kinase receptor RON functions downstream of the erythropoietin

Erythropoietin (EPO) is required for cell survival during differentiation and for progenitor expansion during stress erythropoiesis. Although signaling pathways may couple directly to docking sites on the EPO receptor (EpoR), additional docking molecules expand the signaling platform of the receptor. We studied the roles of the docking molecules Grb2-associated binder-1 (Gab1) and Gab2 in EPO-induced signal transduction and erythropoiesis. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase and Src kinases suppressed EPO-dependent phosphorylation of Gab2. In contrast, Gab1 activation depends on recruitment and phosphorylation by the tyrosine kinase receptor RON, with which it is constitutively associated. RON activation induces the phosphorylation of Gab1, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and protein kinase B (PKB) but not of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5). RON activation was sufficient to replace EPO in progenitor expansion but not in differentiation. In conclusion, we elucidated a novel mechanism specifically involved in the expansion of erythroblasts involving RON as a downstream target of the Epo

The Role of Internationalization Strategy in Fostering Innovation: An Empirical Study Using Machine Learning Technique

In today’s highly dynamic global market, firms increasingly conduct R&D internationally to enhance their innovation and competitiveness. We analyze the relationship between firm internationalization strategy and innovation performance. We argue that the relationship is inverse U-shaped, due to concave returns and convex costs of firm internationalization regarding innovation performance. We test our hypothesis using a novel machine-learning technique and develop a dictionary on internationalization, based on the most-cited papers on firm internationalization. We then apply this dictionary to firms’ 10-K annual reports to obtain a unique score of each firm’s internationalization strategy and use panel data econometrics to analyze the relationship with innovation performance. The results support the hypothesis of an inverted U-shape relationship between firms’ internationalization strategy and innovation performance. Further tests substantiate the findings. Our study contributes to the literature on firm internationalization and firm innovation by identifying a trade-off in benefits and costs of firm internationalization

Modulation of enhancer looping and differential gene targeting by Epstein-Barr virus transcription factors directs cellular reprogramming

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) epigenetically reprogrammes B-lymphocytes to drive immortalization and facilitate viral persistence. Host-cell transcription is perturbed principally through the actions of EBV EBNA 2, 3A, 3B and 3C, with cellular genes deregulated by specific combinations of these EBNAs through unknown mechanisms. Comparing human genome binding by these viral transcription factors, we discovered that 25% of binding sites were shared by EBNA 2 and the EBNA 3s and were located predominantly in enhancers. Moreover, 80% of potential EBNA 3A, 3B or 3C target genes were also targeted by EBNA 2, implicating extensive interplay between EBNA 2 and 3 proteins in cellular reprogramming. Investigating shared enhancer sites neighbouring two new targets (WEE1 and CTBP2) we discovered that EBNA 3 proteins repress transcription by modulating enhancer-promoter loop formation to establish repressive chromatin hubs or prevent assembly of active hubs. Re-ChIP analysis revealed that EBNA 2 and 3 proteins do not bind simultaneously at shared sites but compete for binding thereby modulating enhancer-promoter interactions. At an EBNA 3-only intergenic enhancer site between ADAM28 and ADAMDEC1 EBNA 3C was also able to independently direct epigenetic repression of both genes through enhancer-promoter looping. Significantly, studying shared or unique EBNA 3 binding sites at WEE1, CTBP2, ITGAL (LFA-1 alpha chain), BCL2L11 (Bim) and the ADAMs, we also discovered that different sets of EBNA 3 proteins bind regulatory elements in a gene and cell-type specific manner. Binding profiles correlated with the effects of individual EBNA 3 proteins on the expression of these genes, providing a molecular basis for the targeting of different sets of cellular genes by the EBNA 3s. Our results therefore highlight the influence of the genomic and cellular context in determining the specificity of gene deregulation by EBV and provide a paradigm for host-cell reprogramming through modulation of enhancer-promoter interactions by viral transcription factors

From Feelings to Funding: The Moderating Role of Category Membership in Crowdfunding Participation

This study investigates the impact of emotions conveyed in crowdfunding campaigns on the commitment of backers. Based on language expectancy theory and research on emotional psychology, we propose the effect of emotions depends on campaign category membership and varies between social and commercial crowdfunding campaigns. Empirical analyses of 12,862 Indiegogo campaigns using EmoRoBERTa, a pre-trained neural network algorithm specifically designed to identify emotions, reveal that gratitude and optimism have opposite effects on crowdfunding participation for social and commercial entrepreneurs. In particular, optimism is positively associated with backer participation in social and negatively in commercial campaigns. Counterintuitively, gratitude is positively associated with backer participation in commercial but negatively in social campaigns. Contrasting our analysis, we further examine the link between a factual, neutral tone and crowdfunding participation. Interestingly, a neutral tone has a positive relationship with crowdfunding participation in commercial campaigns. The association reverses for social campaigns