Observation of Amounts of Movement Practice Provided during Stroke Rehabilitation

Objective To investigate how much movement practice occurred during stroke rehabilitation, and what factors might influence doses of practice provided. Design Observational survey of stroke therapy sessions. Setting Seven inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation sites. Participants We observed a convenience sample of 312 physical and occupational therapy sessions for people with stroke. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures We recorded numbers of repetitions in specific movement categories and data on potential modifying factors (patient age, side affected, time since stroke, FIM item scores, years of therapist experience). Descriptive statistics were used to characterize amounts of practice. Correlation and regression analyses were used to determine whether potential factors were related to the amount of practice in the 2 important categories of upper extremity functional movements and gait steps. Results Practice of task-specific, functional upper extremity movements occurred in 51% of the sessions that addressed upper limb rehabilitation, and the average number of repetitions/session was 32 (95% confidence interval [CI]=20–44). Practice of gait occurred in 84% of sessions that addressed lower limb rehabilitation and the average number of gait steps/session was 357 (95% CI=296–418). None of the potential factors listed accounted for significant variance in the amount of practice in either of these 2 categories. Conclusions The amount of practice provided during poststroke rehabilitation is small compared with animal models. It is possible that current doses of task-specific practice during rehabilitation are not adequate to drive the neural reorganization needed to promote function poststroke optimally

Illuminating Herstories: women of the Pimeria Alta in Spanish Colonial missions

Illuminating Herstories: Women of the Pimería Alta in Spanish Colonial Missions follows a loosely chronological organizational pattern in order to show how indigenous women navigated the changing cultural, religious, and social landscapes of their homelands with the introduction of Spanish colonization and missionization. Beginning with an overarching history of the lives of indigenous women, pre-missionary era, of the three most prominent native American groups in the Pimería Alta: The O’odham, the Yoeme (Yaqui), and the Nde (Apache), the work then examines the introduction of Spain to the Pimería Alta and mission communities. In a discussion of the roles, duties, and attitudes of and toward women during the period of colonization and missionization, the thesis argues that native women played integral roles in negotiating power, mediating acculturation, and resisting cultural erasure and genocide, ultimately acting as the primary conservators of indigenous tradition and culture. Contrary to many historical narratives, women were not merely silent extras in the development of Spanish missionary society. Rather, native women in Pimería Alta missions had a dynamic impact on the world around them, and they represented a highly influential force. They set cultural standards, resisted assimilation, and preserved and disseminated their native heritage with the missionary community. O’odham, Yoeme, and Nde women were active agents of history, and through their influence in Spanish missions and in the hundreds of years after, molded the Pimería Alta, and the Southwest more generally, into the diverse border region that many enjoy today.Honors CollegeThesis (B.?

Simulation of phase-locked loops which use a phase-frequency detector

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 S33Master of Scienc

The RNA of maize chlorotic mottle virus - the essential virus in maize lethal necrosis disease - is translated via a panicum mosaic virus-like cap-independent translation element

Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) combines with a potyvirus in maize lethal necrosis disease (MLND), an emerging disease worldwide that often causes catastrophic yield loss. To inform resistance strategies, we characterized the translation initiation mechanism of MCMV. We report that, like other tombusvirids, MCMV RNA contains a cap-independent translation element (CITE) in its 3’ untranslated region (UTR). The MCMV 3’ CITE (MTE) was mapped to nucleotides 4164-4333 in the genomic RNA. SHAPE probing revealed that the MTE is a variant of the panicum mosaic virus-like 3’ CITE (PTE). Like the PTE, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) indicated that eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binds the MTE despite the absence of a m7GpppN cap structure, which is normally required for eIF4E to bind RNA. The MTE interaction with eIF4E suggests eIF4E may be a soft target for engineered resistance to MCMV. Using a luciferase reporter system, mutagenesis to disrupt and restore base pairing revealed that the MTE interacts with the 5’ UTRs of both genomic RNA and the 3’-coterminal subgenomic RNA1 via long-distance kissing stem-loop base pairing to facilitate translation in wheat germ extract and in protoplasts. However, the MTE is a relatively weak stimulator of translation and has a weak, if any, pseudoknot, which is present in the most active PTEs. Most mutations designed to form a pseudoknot decreased translation activity. Mutations in the viral genome that reduced or restored translation prevented and restored virus replication, respectively, in maize protoplasts and in plants. We propose that MCMV, and some other positive strand RNA viruses, favors a weak translation element to allow highly efficient viral RNA synthesis

MOABOSAURUS UTAHENSIS, N. Gen., N. SP., A New Sauropod From The Early Cretaceous (Aptian) of North America

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136227/1/Contributions32No11-Low Resolution.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136227/2/Contributions32No11 - High Resolution.pd

Plant Virus Biodiversity and Ecology

The Plant Virus Biodiversity and Ecology (PVBE) project has been initiated to survey the biodiversity of viruses affecting vascular plants

Metagenomic analysis of viruses associated with maize lethal necrosis in Kenya

Background: Maize lethal necrosis is caused by a synergistic co-infection of Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and a specific member of the Potyviridae, such as Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) or Johnson grass mosaic virus (JGMV). Typical maize lethal necrosis symptoms include severe yellowing and leaf drying from the edges. In Kenya, we detected plants showing typical and atypical symptoms. Both groups of plants often tested negative for SCMV by ELISA. Methods: We used next-generation sequencing to identify viruses associated to maize lethal necrosis in Kenya through a metagenomics analysis. Symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf samples were collected from maize and sorghum representing sixteen counties. Results: Complete and partial genomes were assembled for MCMV, SCMV, Maize streak virus (MSV) and Maize yellow dwarf virus-RMV (MYDV-RMV). These four viruses (MCMV, SCMV, MSV and MYDV-RMV) were found together in 30 of 68 samples. A geographic analysis showed that these viruses are widely distributed in Kenya. Phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequences showed that MCMV, MYDV-RMV and MSV are similar to isolates from East Africa and other parts of the world. Single nucleotide polymorphism, nucleotide and polyprotein sequence alignments identified three genetically distinct groups of SCMV in Kenya. Variation mapped to sequences at the border of NIb and the coat protein. Partial genome sequences were obtained for other four potyviruses and one polerovirus. Conclusion: Our results uncover the complexity of the maize lethal necrosis epidemic in Kenya. MCMV, SCMV, MSV and MYDV-RMV are widely distributed and infect both maize and sorghum. SCMV population in Kenya is diverse and consists of numerous strains that are genetically different to isolates from other parts of the world. Several potyviruses, and possibly poleroviruses, are also involved