Unsupported thin film beam splitter

Multilayer beam splitter system yielding nearly equal broadband infrared reflectance and transmittance in the 5 to 50 micron spectral region has been developed which will significantly reduce size and cost of light path compensating devices in infrared spectral instruments

What Cosmopolitans Can Learn From Classical Realists

Streaming video requires RealPlayer to view.The University Archives has determined that this item is of continuing value to OSU's history.William Scheuerman is professor of political science at Indiana University at Bloomington. His primary research interests include modern political thought, German political thought, democratic theory, legal theory, and normative international theory. In addition to publishing a variety of articles in professional journals, Scheuerman is author of Liberal Democracy and the Social Acceleration of Time (Johns Hopkins, 2008); Frankfurt School Perspectives on Globalization, Democracy, and the Law (Routledge, 2008); and Hans J. Morgenthau: Realism and Beyond (Polity Press, 2009). Scheuerman has held faculty positions at the University of Minnesota as well as the University of Pittsburgh. He received a B.A. in Philosophy at Yale University and a Ph.D. in Political Science at Harvard University. He is co-director of an annual international conference for critical theorists held in Prague.Ohio State University. Mershon Center for International Security StudiesEvent Web page, streaming video, event photos, working pape

Creep rupture behavior of Stirling engine materials

The automotive Stirling engine, being investigated jointly by the Department of Energy and NASA Lewis as an alternate to the internal combustion engine, uses high-pressure hydrogen as the working fluid. The long-term effects of hydrogen on the high temperature strength properties of materials is relatively unknown. This is especially true for the newly developed low-cost iron base alloy NASAUT 4G-A1. This iron-base alloy when tested in air has creep-rupture strengths in the directionally solidified condition comparable to the cobalt base alloy HS-31. The equiaxed (investment cast) NASAUT 4G-A1 has superior creep-rupture to the equiaxed iron-base alloy XF-818 both in air and 15 MPa hydrogen

Heuristics in Multi-Winner Approval Voting

In many real world situations, collective decisions are made using voting. Moreover, scenarios such as committee or board elections require voting rules that return multiple winners. In multi-winner approval voting (AV), an agent may vote for as many candidates as they wish. Winners are chosen by tallying up the votes and choosing the top-$k$ candidates receiving the most votes. An agent may manipulate the vote to achieve a better outcome by voting in a way that does not reflect their true preferences. In complex and uncertain situations, agents may use heuristics to strategize, instead of incurring the additional effort required to compute the manipulation which most favors them. In this paper, we examine voting behavior in multi-winner approval voting scenarios with complete information. We show that people generally manipulate their vote to obtain a better outcome, but often do not identify the optimal manipulation. Instead, voters tend to prioritize the candidates with the highest utilities. Using simulations, we demonstrate the effectiveness of these heuristics in situations where agents only have access to partial information

Fatal attraction: a critique of Carl Schmitt's international political and legal theory

The ongoing Schmitt revival has extended Carl Schmitt's reach over the fields of international legal and political theory. Neo-Schmittians suggest that his international thought provides a new reading of the history of international law and order, which validates the explanatory power of his theoretical premises – the concept of the political, political decisionism, and concrete-order-thinking. Against this background, this article mounts a systematic reappraisal of Schmitt's international thought in a historical perspective. The argument is that his work requires re-contextualization as the intellectual product of an ultra-intense moment in Schmitt's friend/enemy distinction. It inscribed Hitler's ‘spatial revolution’ into a full-scale reinterpretation of Europe's geopolitical history, grounded in land appropriations, which legitimized Nazi Germany's wars of conquest. Consequently, Schmitt's elevation of the early modern nomos as the model for civilized warfare – the ‘golden age’ of international law – against which American legal universalism can be portrayed as degenerated, is conceptually and empirically flawed. Schmitt devised a politically motivated set of theoretical premises to provide a historical counter-narrative against liberal normativism, which generated defective history. The reconstruction of this history reveals the explanatory limits of his theoretical vocabulary – friend/enemy binary, sovereignty-as-exception, nomos/universalism – for past and present analytical purposes. Schmitt's defective analytics and problematic history compromise the standing of his work for purposes of international theory

DSA to grow electrochemically active biofilms of Geobacter sulfurreducens

Biofilms of Geobacter sulfurreducens were grown on graphite and on dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) in medium that did not contain any soluble electron acceptor. Several working electrodes were individually addressed and placed in the same reactor to compare their electrochemical behaviour in exactly the same biochemical conditions. Under constant polarization at 0.20Vversus Ag/AgCl, the electrodes were able progressively to oxidize acetate (5 mM), and average current densities around 5Am−2 and 8Am−2 were sustained for days on DSA and graphite, respectively. Removing the biofilm from the electrodes led the current to zero, while changing the medium by fresh one did not disturb the current when contact to air was avoided. This confirmed that the biofilm was fully responsible for the electro-catalysis of acetate oxidation and the current was not due to the accumulation of compounds in the bulk. Cyclic voltammetries performed during chronoamperometry indicated that the oxidation started above 0.05V versus Ag/AgCl. The difference in maximal current values obtained with DSA and graphite was not linked to the biofilm coverage ratios, which were of the same order of magnitude in the range of 62–78%. On the contrary, the difference in maximal current values matched the ratio of the average surface roughness of the materials, 5.6 m and 3.2 m for graphite and DSA, respectively

The Anatomy of Inceldom: An Analysis of Incels Through the Lens of Gender

This literature review examines the phenomena of Inceldom through the prism of hegemonic masculinity, concluding that the identity of an Incel derives from toxic masculine norms and attitudes from fringe online social movements. Incels are contradictory in that they both conform to and reject hegemonic masculinity. They conform in their aspiration to acquire goals that align with what is typically thought of as masculine—such as assertiveness or sexual dominance—while believing they are unable to do so because of their inadequacies. The dissociation between conformity and rejection leads them to adopt a defeatist worldview by not living up to the masculine archetype, often resulting in significant mental health problems. These detrimental effects to their mental health apply more broadly to men who have difficulty fitting with the expectations of masculinity. What separates most men from Incels is the Incels’ fatalistic attitude, leading them to self-destruction and potentially violence. The potential violence amongst Incels derives from the norms and attitudes of masculinity, normalizing violence and aggression as acceptable emotional responses for men. It is thus important to recognize how masculinity creates these norms and attitudes to address them before resulting in mental health problems in men and potentially violence

Time to Look Abroad? The Legal Regulation of Emergency Powers

The starting point for Professor Levinson\u27s thought-provoking ruminations on emergency power and constitutionalism is his deep skepticism about the Bush Administration\u27s legal response to 9/11.1 In the context of the war on terror, Professor Levinson accurately recounts, the Administration has claimed the right to override both longstanding domestic and international legal commitments.2 Even strict prohibitions on torture, it seems, are not exempt from the President\u27s constitutionally based prerogative as Commander in Chief to keep the nation out of harm\u27s way, and only he apparently possesses the rightful authority to determine the fate of accused terrorists. Although many constitutional lawyers will instinctively dismiss Professor Levinson\u27s comparisons of the Administration\u27s legal positions to those of the infamous Nazi jurist Carl Schmitt, recent Administration memorandums support this interpretation. Those memorandums clarify that the Bush Administration is not simply seeking a less demanding or different legal standard for the treatment of accused terrorists than what the Geneva Conventions require for regular combatants, but that the Administration construes its power to deal with accused terrorists in accordance with the model of a legal black hole in which unmitigated discretionary power holds sway. In the spirit of Carl Schmitt, executive emergency power is conceived as a fundamentally normless realm in which the President exercises pure discretion to ward off life-threatening existential threats to the political community