Transnational Globalization & Regional Governance. CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 06.2, July 1996

Since the end of the 1980s, international relations has experienced a resurgence of regionalism in Europe (Single Market, Maastricht) and the Americas (NAFTA, MERCOSUR). Why did regional economic cooperation gain mo­ mentum? Theoretical approaches have proved the relevance of institutions, intergovernmental bargains, and na­ tional interest formation for the emergence of cooperation, but fall short in explaining why new cooperative moves happened in the late 1980s and early 1990s and not earlier. This paper argues that the simultaneous con­vergence of interests favoring regional organization of states was stimulated by transnational globalization. Since the early 1980s, states had to adapt to the pressures from transnational globalization, from actors and systems which are not shaped by national territories and interests, and which undermined traditional national economic policy and domestic coalitions. Under the new circumstances, joint regional governance on specific policy areas became an attractive option to respond to new constraints. With the conceptualization of transnational globalization as an explanatory factor for regional cooperation this paper does not dismiss other approaches, but rather attempts to complement the research agenda by shedding light on a crucial-but often neglected-aspect of international relations

Interindividual and interocassion variability of toxicokinetic parameters of uptake, exhalation, and metabolism of ethylene

Different estimation methods for covariance parameters in meta-analyses can result in conflicting p-values concerning the test of treatment effect. We propose a valid method to overcome this problem at least partially by introducing a new estimator for the standard deviation of the common treatment difference

Interindividual and interoccasion variability of toxicokinetic parameters of uptake, exhalation, and metabolism of ethylene

A basic part in the risk assessment of potential carcinogens is the determination of toxicokinetic parameters. The partition of the xenobiotic in the body of experimental animals is a first step of the biochemical pathway of the formation of DNA adducts which might lead to the development of cancer. The aim of extrapolation of toxicological data from experimental animals to the human organism requires a valid characterisation of the considered processes for the whole species, i. e. population parameters, moreover accounting for the variability within and between individuals. This paper presents the results of an inhalation study with one of the basic petrochemical industrial compounds, ethylene (ethene). Two nonlinear four-stage hierarchical models for a repeated measurement design which are of different complexity are presented. The estimation of the individual and population parameters as well as of the covariance matrices is performed by an EM algorithm

Global Economic Governance - das Management der Weltwirtschaft ein Jahr nach dem G-8-Gipfel von Heiligendamm

Am 11. und 12. Juli 2008 fand unter der Leitung von Saskia Hieber und Wolfgang Quaisser, Akademie für Politische Bildung Tutzing, sowie Stefan A. Schirm, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, die Tagung »Global Economic Governance – das Management der Weltwirtschaft ein Jahr nach dem G-8-Gipfel von Heiligendamm« statt. Die Veranstaltung nahm ein Jahr nach dem G-8-Gipfel die Diskussion um ein besseres Management der Weltwirtschaft wieder auf und fragte – nach einer Bestandsaufnahme der Globalisierung der Finanzmärkte und des Welthandels – nach Möglichkeiten für ihre Governance durch die Staatengemeinschaft. Im Vordergrund standen die Analyse der Chancen und Risiken internationaler Handels- und Kapitalbewegungen, ihre Auswirkungen auf nationale Gesellschaften und die Strategien für ein effizienteres, aber auch legitimeres Management durch internationale Organisationen. Zur Einführung in das Thema unterstrich Stefan A. Schirm, Universität Bochum, die Notwendigkeit, bei der Analyse der Global-Economic-Governance-Debatte nach den handelnden Akteuren und ihren spezifischen Motiven zu suchen. Martin Hüfner, HF Economics Ltd., analysierte Chancen und Risiken globaler Finanzmärkte, Karlhans Sauernheimer, Universität Mainz, die Chancen und Risiken einer Liberalisierung des Welthandels. Alexander Lau, Deutscher Industrie- und Handelskammertag, befasste sich mit dem Erfolg der deutschen Unternehmen im Ausland und zeigte, dass der Standort Deutschland vom zunehmenden Auslandsengagement der deutschen Unternehmen profitiert. Isabella Timm-Guri, Bayerischer Bauernverband, stellte die Auswirkungen der Handelsliberalisierung auf die europäische Agrarwirtschaft und ihre Anliegen für die Gestaltung internationaler Handelsregeln dar. Stormy Mildner, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, stellte die Gründe vor, die aus ihrer Sicht zum Scheitern der Doha-Runde führten. Und Laura Carsten, Universität Bochum, analysierte den Einfluss der Schwellenländer auf den IWF und die WTO

Insights into gas heating and cooling in the disc of NGC 891 from Herschel far-infrared spectroscopy

We present Herschel PACS and SPIRE spectroscopy of the most important far-infrared cooling lines in the nearby edge-on spiral galaxy, NGC 891: [CII] 158 $\mu$m, [NII] 122, 205 $\mu$m, [OI] 63, 145 $\mu$m, and [OIII] 88 $\mu$m. We find that the photoelectric heating efficiency of the gas, traced via the ([CII]+[OII]63)/$F_{\mathrm{TIR}}$ ratio, varies from a mean of 3.5$\times$10$^{-3}$ in the centre up to 8$\times$10$^{-3}$ at increasing radial and vertical distances in the disc. A decrease in ([CII]+[OII]63)/$F_{\mathrm{TIR}}$ but constant ([CII]+[OI]63)/$F_{\mathrm{PAH}}$ with increasing FIR colour suggests that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may become important for gas heating in the central regions. We compare the observed flux of the FIR cooling lines and total IR emission with the predicted flux from a PDR model to determine the gas density, surface temperature and the strength of the incident far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation field, $G_{0}$. Resolving details on physical scales of ~0.6 kpc, a pixel-by-pixel analysis reveals that the majority of the PDRs in NGC 891's disc have hydrogen densities of 1 < log ($n$/cm$^{-3}$) < 3.5 experiencing an incident FUV radiation field with strengths of 1.7 < log $G_0$ < 3. Although these values we derive for most of the disc are consistent with the gas properties found in PDRs in the spiral arms and inter-arm regions of M51, observed radial trends in $n$ and $G_0$ are shown to be sensitive to varying optical thickness in the lines, demonstrating the importance of accurately accounting for optical depth effects when interpreting observations of high inclination systems. With an empirical relationship between the MIPS 24 $\mu$m and [NII] 205 $\mu$m emission, we estimate an enhancement of the FUV radiation field strength in the far north-eastern side of the disc.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. 25 pages, including 17 figures and 3 tables, abstract abridged for arXi

The physical characteristics of the gas in the disk of Centaurus A using the Herschel Space Observatory

We search for variations in the disk of Centaurus A of the emission from atomic fine structure lines using Herschel PACS and SPIRE spectroscopy. In particular we observe the [C II](158 $\mu$m), [N II](122 and 205 $\mu$m), [O I](63 and 145 $\mu$m) and [O III](88 $\mu$m) lines, which all play an important role in cooling the gas in photo-ionized and photodissociation regions. We determine that the ([C II]+[O I]$_{63}$)/$F_{TIR}$ line ratio, a proxy for the heating efficiency of the gas, shows no significant radial trend across the observed region, in contrast to observations of other nearby galaxies. We determine that 10 - 20% of the observed [C II] emission originates in ionized gas. Comparison between our observations and a PDR model shows that the strength of the far-ultraviolet radiation field, $G_0$, varies between $10^{1.75}$ and $10^{2.75}$ and the hydrogen nucleus density varies between $10^{2.75}$ and $10^{3.75}$ cm$^{-3}$, with no significant radial trend in either property. In the context of the emission line properties of the grand-design spiral galaxy M51 and the elliptical galaxy NGC 4125, the gas in Cen A appears more characteristic of that in typical disk galaxies rather than elliptical galaxies.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. 22 pages, 10 figures, 5 table

Global Economic Governance - das Management der Weltwirtschaft ein Jahr nach dem G-8-Gipfel von Heiligendamm

Am 11. und 12. Juli 2008 fand unter der Leitung von Saskia Hieber und Wolfgang Quaisser, Akademie für Politische Bildung Tutzing, sowie Stefan A. Schirm, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, die Tagung »Global Economic Governance – das Management der Weltwirtschaft ein Jahr nach dem G-8-Gipfel von Heiligendamm« statt. Die Veranstaltung nahm ein Jahr nach dem G-8-Gipfel die Diskussion um ein besseres Management der Weltwirtschaft wieder auf und fragte – nach einer Bestandsaufnahme der Globalisierung der Finanzmärkte und des Welthandels – nach Möglichkeiten für ihre Governance durch die Staatengemeinschaft. Im Vordergrund standen die Analyse der Chancen und Risiken internationaler Handels- und Kapitalbewegungen, ihre Auswirkungen auf nationale Gesellschaften und die Strategien für ein effizienteres, aber auch legitimeres Management durch internationale Organisationen. Zur Einführung in das Thema unterstrich Stefan A. Schirm, Universität Bochum, die Notwendigkeit, bei der Analyse der Global-Economic-Governance-Debatte nach den handelnden Akteuren und ihren spezifischen Motiven zu suchen. Martin Hüfner, HF Economics Ltd., analysierte Chancen und Risiken globaler Finanzmärkte, Karlhans Sauernheimer, Universität Mainz, die Chancen und Risiken einer Liberalisierung des Welthandels. Alexander Lau, Deutscher Industrie- und Handelskammertag, befasste sich mit dem Erfolg der deutschen Unternehmen im Ausland und zeigte, dass der Standort Deutschland vom zunehmenden Auslandsengagement der deutschen Unternehmen profitiert. Isabella Timm-Guri, Bayerischer Bauernverband, stellte die Auswirkungen der Handelsliberalisierung auf die europäische Agrarwirtschaft und ihre Anliegen für die Gestaltung internationaler Handelsregeln dar. Stormy Mildner, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, stellte die Gründe vor, die aus ihrer Sicht zum Scheitern der Doha-Runde führten. Und Laura Carsten, Universität Bochum, analysierte den Einfluss der Schwellenländer auf den IWF und die WTO.

A Precision Measurement of pp Elastic Scattering Cross Sections at Intermediate Energies

We have measured differential cross sections for \pp elastic scattering with internal fiber targets in the recirculating beam of the proton synchrotron COSY. Measurements were made continuously during acceleration for projectile kinetic energies between 0.23 and 2.59 GeV in the angular range $30 \leq \theta_{c.m.} \leq 90$ deg. Details of the apparatus and the data analysis are given and the resulting excitation functions and angular distributions presented. The precision of each data point is typically better than 4%, and a relative normalization uncertainty of only 2.5% within an excitation function has been reached. The impact on phase shift analysis as well as upper bounds on possible resonant contributions in lower partial waves are discussed.Comment: 23 pages 29 figure

The Quadrupole Magnets for the LHC Injection Transfer Lines

Two injection transfer lines, each about 2.8 km long, are being built to transfer protons at 450 GeV from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A total of 180 quadrupole magnets are required; they are produced in the framework of the contribution of the Russian Federation to the construction of the LHC. The classical quadrupoles, built from laminated steel cores and copper coils, have a core length of 1.4 m, an inscribed diameter of 32 mm and a strength of 53.5 T/m at a current of 530 A. The total weight of one magnet is 1.1 ton. For obtaining the required field quality at the small inscribed diameter, great care in the stamping of the laminations and the assembly of quadrants is necessary. Special instruments have been developed to measure, with a precision of some mm, the variations of the pole gaps over the full length of the magnet and correlate them to the obtained field distribution. The design has been developed in a collaboration between BINP and CERN. Fabrication and the magnetic measurements are done at BINP and should be finished at the end of the year 2000

Performance of the LHC Arc Superconducting Quadrupoles Towards the End of their Series Fabrication

The fabrication of the 408 main arc quadrupole magnets and their cold masses will come to an end in summer 2006. A rich collection of measurement and test data has been accumulated and their analysis is presented in this paper. These data cover the fabrication and the efficiency in the use of the main components, the geometrical measurements and the achieved dimensional precision, the warm magnetic measurements in the factory and the performance at cold conditions, especially the training behaviour. The scrap rate of the Nb-Ti/Cu conductor as well as that of other components turned out to be acceptably low and the quench performance measured was in general very good. Most quadrupoles measured so far exceeded the operating field gradient with one or no quench. The multipole content at cold was measured for a limited number of quadrupoles in order to verify the warm-to-cold correlation. From the point of view of field quality, all quadrupoles could be accepted for the machine. The measures taken to overcome the problem of a too high permeability of a batch of collars are discussed