Gehalten van gebromeerde vlamvertragers (PBDE's) in mengmonsters van Nederlandse voedingsmiddelen

Geen rapportnummer in publicatie.In Nederland wordt de blootstelling aan PolyBroom DifenylEthers (PBDE's) uit voeding berekend door metingen te combineren met voedselconsumptiegegevens (de Mul et al., 2005; Winter-Sorkina et al., 2006; Bakker et al., 2008). Daartoe zijn in 2006 voedingsmiddelen als vis, zuivel, groenten, etc. verzameld en op PBDE's onderzocht. Vraag hierbij was of de toegepaste analytisch-chemische methode, die eigenlijk voor 24-uurs duplicaat voeding ontwikkeld is (Zeilmaker et al., 2008), ook op deze specifieke voedingsmiddelen toegepast kan worden. Deze rapportage beschrijft de toepassing van de meetmethode voor PBDE's in 24-uurs duplicaatvoeding op (meng)monsters van specifieke voedingsmiddelen anno 2006. Voor de volledigheid zijn de gehalten zoals die in 2003/2004 in vergelijkbare mengmonsters gemeten zijn (de Mul et al., 2005) als aparte bijlage in deze rapportage opgenomen.VW

Gene Expression in Chicken Reveals Correlation with Structural Genomic Features and Conserved Patterns of Transcription in the Terrestrial Vertebrates

Background - The chicken is an important agricultural and avian-model species. A survey of gene expression in a range of different tissues will provide a benchmark for understanding expression levels under normal physiological conditions in birds. With expression data for birds being very scant, this benchmark is of particular interest for comparative expression analysis among various terrestrial vertebrates. Methodology/Principal Findings - We carried out a gene expression survey in eight major chicken tissues using whole genome microarrays. A global picture of gene expression is presented for the eight tissues, and tissue specific as well as common gene expression were identified. A Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis showed that tissue-specific genes are enriched with GO terms reflecting the physiological functions of the specific tissue, and housekeeping genes are enriched with GO terms related to essential biological functions. Comparisons of structural genomic features between tissue-specific genes and housekeeping genes show that housekeeping genes are more compact. Specifically, coding sequence and particularly introns are shorter than genes that display more variation in expression between tissues, and in addition intergenic space was also shorter. Meanwhile, housekeeping genes are more likely to co-localize with other abundantly or highly expressed genes on the same chromosomal regions. Furthermore, comparisons of gene expression in a panel of five common tissues between birds, mammals and amphibians showed that the expression patterns across tissues are highly similar for orthologuous genes compared to random gene pairs within each pair-wise comparison, indicating a high degree of functional conservation in gene expression among terrestrial vertebrates. Conclusions - The housekeeping genes identified in this study have shorter gene length, shorter coding sequence length, shorter introns, and shorter intergenic regions, there seems to be selection pressure on economy in genes with a wide tissue distribution, i.e. these genes are more compact. A comparative analysis showed that the expression patterns of orthologous genes are conserved in the terrestrial vertebrates during evolutio

Knockout of the Bcmo1 gene results in an inflammatory response in female lung, which is suppressed by dietary beta-carotene

Beta-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase 1 knockout (Bcmo1−/−) mice accumulate beta-carotene (BC) similarly to humans, whereas wild-type (Bcmo1+/+) mice efficiently cleave BC. Bcmo1−/− mice are therefore suitable to investigate BC-induced alterations in gene expression in lung, assessed by microarray analysis. Bcmo1−/− mice receiving control diet had increased expression of inflammatory genes as compared to BC-supplemented Bcmo1−/− mice and Bcmo1+/+ mice that received either control or BC-supplemented diets. Differential gene expression in Bcmo1−/− mice was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. Histochemical analysis indeed showed an increase in inflammatory cells in lungs of control Bcmo1−/− mice. Supported by metabolite and gene-expression data, we hypothesize that the increased inflammatory response is due to an altered BC metabolism, resulting in an increased vitamin A requirement in Bcmo1−/− mice. This suggests that effects of BC may depend on inter-individual variations in BC-metabolizing enzymes, such as the frequently occurring human polymorphisms in BCMO1

The Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol Potentiates Intestinal Inflammation by Salmonella Typhimurium in Porcine Ileal Loops

Background and Aims: Both deoxynivalenol (DON) and nontyphoidal salmonellosis are emerging threats with possible hazardous effects on both human and animal health. The objective of this study was to examine whether DON at low but relevant concentrations interacts with the intestinal inflammation induced by Salmonella Typhimurium. Methodology: By using a porcine intestinal ileal loop model, we investigated whether intake of low concentrations of DON interacts with the early intestinal inflammatory response induced by Salmonella Typhimurium. Results: A significant higher expression of IL-12 and TNF alpha and a clear potentiation of the expression of IL-1 beta, IL-8, MCP-1 and IL-6 was seen in loops co-exposed to 1 mu g/mL of DON and Salmonella Typhimurium compared to loops exposed to Salmonella Typhimurium alone. This potentiation coincided with a significantly enhanced Salmonella invasion in and translocation over the intestinal epithelial IPEC-J2 cells, exposed to non-cytotoxic concentrations of DON for 24 h. Exposure of Salmonella Typhimurium to 0.250 mu g/mL of DON affected the bacterial gene expression level of a limited number of genes, however none of these expression changes seemed to give an explanation for the increased invasion and translocation of Salmonella Typhimurium and the potentiated inflammatory response in combination with DON. Conclusion: These data imply that the intake of low and relevant concentrations of DON renders the intestinal epithelium more susceptible to Salmonella Typhimurium with a subsequent potentiation of the inflammatory response in the gut

Exposure to N-Ethyl-N-Nitrosourea in Adult Mice Alters Structural and Functional Integrity of Neurogenic Sites

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that prenatal exposure to the mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), a N-nitroso compound (NOC) found in the environment, disrupts developmental neurogenesis and alters memory formation. Previously, we showed that postnatal ENU treatment induced lasting deficits in proliferation of neural progenitors in the subventricular zone (SVZ), the main neurogenic region in the adult mouse brain. The present study is aimed to examine, in mice exposed to ENU, both the structural features of adult neurogenic sites, incorporating the dentate gyrus (DG), and the behavioral performance in tasks sensitive to manipulations of adult neurogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: 2-month old mice received 5 doses of ENU and were sacrificed 45 days after treatment. Then, an ultrastructural analysis of the SVZ and DG was performed to determine cellular composition in these regions, confirming a significant alteration. After bromodeoxyuridine injections, an S-phase exogenous marker, the immunohistochemical analysis revealed a deficit in proliferation and a decreased recruitment of newly generated cells in neurogenic areas of ENU-treated animals. Behavioral effects were also detected after ENU-exposure, observing impairment in odor discrimination task (habituation-dishabituation test) and a deficit in spatial memory (Barnes maze performance), two functions primarily related to the SVZ and the DG regions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The results demonstrate that postnatal exposure to ENU produces severe disruption of adult neurogenesis in the SVZ and DG, as well as strong behavioral impairments. These findings highlight the potential risk of environmental NOC-exposure for the development of neural and behavioral deficits

Een literatuur onderzoek naar bepalingsmethoden voor residuen van clenbuterol, cimaterol, salbutamol, terbutaline en ractopamine

Abstract niet beschikbaarThis report presents results of an inventory of methods of analysis for residues of clenbuterol, cimaterol, salbutamol, terbutaline, ractopamine and L-644,969, all so callen "beta-agonist", illegally used in slaughter animals production for growth promoting purposes. For L-644,969 no methods were found. for ractopamine and cimaterol only a very limited number of methods have been found in the (public) scientific literature. For clenbuterol, salbutaamol and terbutaline numerous methods can be found for as well (edible) tissues, urine, blood, pharmaceutical formulations as feed. However no simple, fast and reliable method can be found for the determination of these drugs in edible tissues. (Multi)immunoaffinity chromatography in combination with GC-MS is recommended.EG/Scientific Veterinary Committee VH

N-Nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) in cosmetics method development and sample analysis

In 1995 is op verzoek van de Inspectie Gezondheids Bescherming de N-nitrosamine problematiek in cosmetische producten in kaart gebracht. Voor het bepalen van NDELA in cosmetica is de GC-TEA methode ontwikkeld en gevalideerd. De terugwinning voor NDELA is gemiddeld 99% (N=4) en de bepaalbaarheidsgrens is 5 mug NDELA / kg cosmetica. De GC-TEA methode is gebruikt om in 48 cosmetische producten, waaronder shampoos, cremes, melk , conditioners en schuimen het NDELA gehalte te bepalen. Alle bepalingen werden in tweevoud uitgevoerd en voor elke 10 cosmetica monsters is een terugwinnings- en blanco-experiment uitgevoerd. De resultaten van deze kwaliteitsexperimenten voldeden aan de kwaliteitskenmerken van de ontwikkelde methode.Van de 48 onderzochte monsters cosmetica bevatten vier monsters meetbare hoeveelheden NDELA.In response to the 1995 review of the N-nitrosamine problem in cosmetics at the request of the Inspectorate of Health Protection (IGB), a GC-TEA method for determining NDELA in cosmetics has been developed and validated. In a sample diluted with water, adsorbed onto a kieselguhr column and eluted with n-butanol, the average recovery for NDELA is 99% (N=4) and the limit of quantification 5 mug/kg. The GC-TEA method described was used to determine the NDELA content of 48 cosmetics including gels, shampoos, cremes, milks, conditioners and foams. All determinations were done in duplicate and for every 10 cosmetics a recovery experiment and a blank determination were performed. The results of these quality assurance experiments were within the performance characteristics of the method developed. Amounts of NDELA above the limit of quantification of 5 mug/kg were measured in 4 out of the 48 cosmetics.IG

Duplicate 24-hour diet study 1994 Sterols ; method development and intake per person per day

In spring and fall 1994, 123 respondents participated in duplicate 24-hour diet study. Each respondent collected one duplicate of the food and drinks, including drinking water he/she consumed in a continuous 24-hour period. A gas chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of sterols. The sterols in the extract are determined by GCGC with FID. Lyophilised subsamples were analysed for cholesterol, coprosterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol content. From these data the sterol intake per capita per day was calculated. The average intake was: for cholesterol 202 mg/person/day, for brassicasterol 1 mg/person/day, for campesterol 27 mg/person/day, for stigmasterol 15 mg/person/day and for beta-sitosterol 102 mg/person/day. The coprosterol intake was below the limit of determination for all samples. The average intake for the plantsterols was 146 mg/person/day and the average total sterol intake was 348 mg/person/day. The cholesterol intake of 32 respondents was above the recommendation of the Netherlands Food and Nutrition Council of a maximum of 33 mg/MJ. The average intake of cholesterol of 25 mg/MJ is below this recommendation. The total sterol intake found in this study corresponds well with the results found in the 1984/1985 duplicate diet study. The sterol intake in mg/MJ found in this study corresponds well with the results from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey and the Market Basket study.In het voor- en najaar van 1994 hebben 123 respondenten deelgenomen aan een duplicaat voedingenonderzoek. Elke respondent verzamelde een duplicaat van zijn voeding, inclusief drank en drinkwater, in een aaneengesloten periode van 24 uur. Voor het bepalen van de sterolen is een gaschromatografische methode ontwikkeld en gevalideerd. De sterolen in het cyclohexaanextract werden bepaald met behulp van GCGC met FID detectie. Gevriesdroogde deelmonsters zijn onderzocht op het gehalte aan cholesterol, coprosterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol en beta-sitosterol. De gemiddelde inname aan cholesterol bedroeg 202 mg/persoon/dag, aan brassicasterol 1 mg/persoon/dag, aan campesterol 27 mg/persoon/dag, aan stigmasterol 15 mg/persoon/dag en aan beta-sitosterol 102 mg/persoon/dag. Coprosterol is in geen enkel monster aangetoond. De gemiddelde inname aan plantsterolen bedroeg 146 mg/persoon/dag en de gemiddelde totale inname aan sterolen was 348 mg/persoon/dag. Van 32 respondenten was de cholesterolinname hoger dan de huidige aanbeveling van de Voedingsraad van maximaal 33 mg/MJ. De gemiddelde inname aan cholesterol bleef met 25 mg/MJ echter onder deze aanbeveling. De nu bepaalde totale inname aan sterolen kwam goed overeen met de in het 24-uurs duplicaatvoedingenonderzoek van 1984/1985 gevonden inname. Wordt de inname aan sterolen uitgedrukt per energie-eenheid, dan komen de resultaten van de studie goed overeen met die van onderzoeken gebaseerd op Voedselconsumptiepeiling (VCP) en het Market Basket onderzoek

Duplicate 24-hour diet study 1994 Sterols ; method development and intake per person per day

In het voor- en najaar van 1994 hebben 123 respondenten deelgenomen aan een duplicaat voedingenonderzoek. Elke respondent verzamelde een duplicaat van zijn voeding, inclusief drank en drinkwater, in een aaneengesloten periode van 24 uur. Voor het bepalen van de sterolen is een gaschromatografische methode ontwikkeld en gevalideerd. De sterolen in het cyclohexaanextract werden bepaald met behulp van GCGC met FID detectie. Gevriesdroogde deelmonsters zijn onderzocht op het gehalte aan cholesterol, coprosterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol en beta-sitosterol. De gemiddelde inname aan cholesterol bedroeg 202 mg/persoon/dag, aan brassicasterol 1 mg/persoon/dag, aan campesterol 27 mg/persoon/dag, aan stigmasterol 15 mg/persoon/dag en aan beta-sitosterol 102 mg/persoon/dag. Coprosterol is in geen enkel monster aangetoond. De gemiddelde inname aan plantsterolen bedroeg 146 mg/persoon/dag en de gemiddelde totale inname aan sterolen was 348 mg/persoon/dag. Van 32 respondenten was de cholesterolinname hoger dan de huidige aanbeveling van de Voedingsraad van maximaal 33 mg/MJ. De gemiddelde inname aan cholesterol bleef met 25 mg/MJ echter onder deze aanbeveling. De nu bepaalde totale inname aan sterolen kwam goed overeen met de in het 24-uurs duplicaatvoedingenonderzoek van 1984/1985 gevonden inname. Wordt de inname aan sterolen uitgedrukt per energie-eenheid, dan komen de resultaten van de studie goed overeen met die van onderzoeken gebaseerd op Voedselconsumptiepeiling (VCP) en het Market Basket onderzoek.In spring and fall 1994, 123 respondents participated in duplicate 24-hour diet study. Each respondent collected one duplicate of the food and drinks, including drinking water he/she consumed in a continuous 24-hour period. A gas chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of sterols. The sterols in the extract are determined by GCGC with FID. Lyophilised subsamples were analysed for cholesterol, coprosterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol content. From these data the sterol intake per capita per day was calculated. The average intake was: for cholesterol 202 mg/person/day, for brassicasterol 1 mg/person/day, for campesterol 27 mg/person/day, for stigmasterol 15 mg/person/day and for beta-sitosterol 102 mg/person/day. The coprosterol intake was below the limit of determination for all samples. The average intake for the plantsterols was 146 mg/person/day and the average total sterol intake was 348 mg/person/day. The cholesterol intake of 32 respondents was above the recommendation of the Netherlands Food and Nutrition Council of a maximum of 33 mg/MJ. The average intake of cholesterol of 25 mg/MJ is below this recommendation. The total sterol intake found in this study corresponds well with the results found in the 1984/1985 duplicate diet study. The sterol intake in mg/MJ found in this study corresponds well with the results from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey and the Market Basket study.IG

Toxicologie en voorkomen van nivalenol, fusarenon X, diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol en 3- and 15- acetyldeoxynivalenol; een overzicht van 6 trichothecenen

Om de potentiele effecten vast te stellen van de trichothecenen nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon X (FusX), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), neosolaniol (NeoSol) en 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON), werden toxiciteitsdata geevalueerd, om waar mogelijk "tolerable daily intakes'(TDIs) vast te stellen. Ook werd hun voorkomen in granen, veevoer en voedingsmiddelen onderzocht. De zes trichothecenen zijn mycotoxinen, geproduceerd door Fusarium soorten. NIV werd het vaakst aangetroffen in voedingsmiddelen. Het voorkomen van FusX, DAS, NeoSol en 3- en 15-Ac-DON werd zelden gerapporteerd, zeer waarschijnlijk omdat er niet routinematig op werd onderzocht. Derhalve werd aanbevolen meer aandacht te schenken aan FusX, DAS, NeoSol en 3- en 15-Ac-DON in routine-onderzoeksprogramma's. De toxiciteitsdata beschikbaar over FusX, DAS, NeoSol en 3- en 15-Ac-DON waren te beperkt om TDIs af te leiden. Alleen voor NIV waren voldoende toxiciteitsgegevens beschikbaar om een tijdelijke TDI van 0.7 ug/kg af te leiden.To assess the potential health effects of the xyscirpenol (DAS), neosolaniol (NeoSol) and 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON), toxicology data available on these compounds were reviewed to derive, where possible, tolerable daily intakes (TDIs). Also, their occurrence in cereal grains, animal feed and human foodstuffs was investigated. The six trichothecenes are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. NIV was the one most often found in food commodities. FusX, DAS, NeoSol and 3- and 15-Ac-DON have rarely been reported to occur, most likely because they were not routinely monitored for. It was therefore recommended to pay more attention to FusX, DAS, NeoSol and 3- and 15-Ac-DON in routine monitoring programs. The toxicology data available on FusX, DAS, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and NeoSol were too limited to derive TDIs. Only for NIV sufficient toxicology data were available to derive a temporary TDI of 0.7 ug/kg bw.Kv