Insta-Appropriation: Finding Boundaries for the Second Circuit’s Fair Use Doctrine After Campbell

Copyright law’s current fair use landscape is riddled with unclear standards and old considerations forced upon new media. This is especially problematic in the context of digital appropriation of art from online social media platforms—an issue highlighted by Richard Prince’s exhibit “New Portraits,” in which he appropriated strangers’ Instagram photos for his own profit. Unless this situation is remedied, digital content creators will effectively lose their statutory copyright protections. Thus, when considering digital appropriation cases, courts should require a transformation of content rather than purpose, should elevate the weight of the fourth statutory factor, and should reinstate the “comment upon” standard for works of parody and satire. Other scholars have proposed changes to the fair use doctrine, but none adequately protect first-order digital content creators. As such, this Note proposes a reinterpretation of the fair use factors in light of digital appropriation and social media

Insta-Appropriation: Finding Boundaries for the Second Circuit’s Fair Use Doctrine After Campbell

Copyright law’s current fair use landscape is riddled with unclear standards and old considerations forced upon new media. This is especially problematic in the context of digital appropriation of art from online social media platforms—an issue highlighted by Richard Prince’s exhibit “New Portraits,” in which he appropriated strangers’ Instagram photos for his own profit. Unless this situation is remedied, digital content creators will effectively lose their statutory copyright protections. Thus, when considering digital appropriation cases, courts should require a transformation of content rather than purpose, should elevate the weight of the fourth statutory factor, and should reinstate the “comment upon” standard for works of parody and satire. Other scholars have proposed changes to the fair use doctrine, but none adequately protect first-order digital content creators. As such, this Note proposes a reinterpretation of the fair use factors in light of digital appropriation and social media

Inhibited 1,1,1-trichloroethane replaces trichloroethylene for degreasing

In fight against air pollution inhibited TCE /1,1,1-trichloroethane/ is effective substitute for trichloroethylene in degreasing plants. This chemical has only slight photochemical activity and causes little eye irritation. TCE is less toxic than trichloroethylene and can withstand production loads and conditions, or long term storage, without degradation

Improving the equivalent-photon approximation in electron--positron collisions

The validity of the equivalent-photon approximation for two-photon processes in electron--positron collisions is critically examined. Commonly used forms to describe hadronic two-photon production are shown to lead to sizeable errors. An improved two-photon luminosity function is presented, which includes beyond-leading-logarithmic effects and scalar-photon contributions. Comparisons of various approximate expressions with the exact calculation in the case of the total hadronic cross section are given. Furthermore, effects of the poorly known low-Q2 behaviour of the virtual hadronic cross sections are discussed.Comment: 10 pages, Latex, uses 12pt.sty, no figur

Quarkonium production: velocity-scaling rules and long-distance matrix elements

The hierarchy of long-distance matrix elements (MEs) for quarkonium production depends on their scaling with the velocity $v$ of the heavy quark in the bound state. Ranges for the velocities in various bound states and uncertainties of colour-singlet MEs are estimated in a quark-potential model. Different possibilities for the scaling with $v$ of the MEs are discussed; they depend on the actual values of $v$ and the QCD scale. As an application, J/psi polarization in e^+e^- annihilation is discussed. The first non-perturbative estimates of colour-octet MEs are presented and compared with phenomenological determinations. Finally, various predictions of prompt quarkonium production at LEP are compared.Comment: 17 pages, Latex, uses 12pt.sty and epsfig.sty, 2 figure

Total Hadronic Cross-Section for Photon-Photon Interactions at LEP

The total hadronic cross-section for the interaction of real photons is extracted from a measurement of the cross-section of the process e+e->e+e- + hadrons using a luminosity function for the photon flux and form factors for extrapolating to Q**2=0. The data was taken with the OPAL detector at LEP at e+e- centre-of-mass energies of 161 GeV and 172 GeV. In the energy range 10 < W < 110 GeV the total hadronic photon-photon cross-section is consistent with the Regge behaviour of the total cross-section observed in \gamma p and hadron-hadron interactions.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figues, needs espcrc2.sty, to be published in proceedings of the XXVII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MULTIPARTICLE DYNAMICS, INFN, Frascati (Rome), Italy, 8-12 September 199

Let the Servant Church Arise: Waters for the Thirsty, Supper for the Hungry

(Excerpt) The title of this address provides some clues about the perspective I bring to the question of the church\u27s mission in the world Use of the term servant church -borrowed directly from the hymn \u27\u27The Church of Christ in Every Age 1-reveals my bias for language of servanthood to describe that mission. Such language has governed my own identity as a deaconess for nearly three decades. Aidan Kavanaugh argues that the ascetic, who is dedicated to \u27\u27the art of maintaining a life of \u27right worship,\u27 serves as the exemplar for the baptized, pointing them toward the Christian\u27s ultimate end: that is, to see and to know God face to face.

Automatic pressure transducer calibration system

Systems and reliability engineering for automatic pressure transducer calibration syste

Reducing the complexity of the software design process with object-oriented design

Designing software is a complex process. How object-oriented design (OOD), coupled with formalized documentation and tailored object diagraming techniques, can reduce the complexity of the software design process is described and illustrated. The described OOD methodology uses a hierarchical decomposition approach in which parent objects are decomposed into layers of lower level child objects. A method of tracking the assignment of requirements to design components is also included. Increases in the reusability, portability, and maintainability of the resulting products are also discussed. This method was built on a combination of existing technology, teaching experience, consulting experience, and feedback from design method users. The discussed concepts are applicable to hierarchal OOD processes in general. Emphasis is placed on improving the design process by documenting the details of the procedures involved and incorporating improvements into those procedures as they are developed

Jet Production by Virtual Photons

The production of jets is studied in collisions of virtual photons, gamma*-p and gamma*-gamma*, specifically for applications at HERA and LEP2. Photon flux factors are convoluted with matrix elements involving either direct or resolved photons and, for the latter, with parton distributions of the photon. Special emphasis is put on the range of uncertainty in the modeling of the resolved component. The resulting model is compared with existing data.Comment: 1+10 pages, LaTeX2e, 4 eps figures, to appear in the Proceedings of the International Conference on the Structure and Interactions of the Photon; PHOTON99, 23-27 May 1999, Freiburg im Breisgau, German