Language of Lullabies: The Russification and De-Russification of the Baltic States

This article argues that the laws for promotion of the national languages are a legitimate means for the Baltic states to establish their cultural independence from Russia and the former Soviet Union

Generic Preemption: Applying Conflict Preemption after Wyeth v. Levine

If a generic manufacturer does not have control over its safety warnings, can it comply with the obligations posed by state tort liability? State failure-to-warn actions evaluate whether a product manufacturer has met its obligation to warn consumers about known dangers associated with its product. In essence, if a manufacturer knows about a potentially dangerous outcome, it has a duty to warn its consumers. If the generic manufacturer can comply with a state duty to warn only by changing a label that the FDA will not allow it to change, it becomes impossible for the corporation to meet both requirements. This impossibility indicates that conflict preemption applies and the generic manufacturer ought not to be liable for claims arising under state tort law. This situation is distinct from branded pharmaceutical manufacturers who do have the ability to control and modify their safety labels. Part I begins by examining the doctrine of preemption, considering state tort liability and federal preemption theories. Part II reviews recent Supreme Court jurisprudence relevant to pharmaceutical preemption. Part III then looks at how generic drugs fit into the preemption landscape and concludes that preemption applies to generic drugs. Finally, Part IV evaluates the implications of preemption within the generic drug context

What can we learn about stellar activity cycles from ZDI?

It is known that activity cycles, similar to the 11 year cycle of the Sun, can exist on other stars. Previous work suggests that stars may lie on two branches in a cycle period vs rotation period diagram though there is no definitive explanation for why this should be the case.Fundamentally, activity cycles occur as a result of the underlying dynamo. Indeed, a great deal has been learnt about the Sun's activity cycle by studying how its magnetic field evolves over each activity cycle. In the same way, we should be able to learn about the activity cycles of other stars by studying their magnetic field properties. In this talk, I will present new insights into stellar activity cycles by analysing the magnetic maps of stars that are known to present activity cycles. I will show that stars along each of the branches appear to have different magnetic field topologies.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe