Analysis of Mass Based and Density Based Clustering Techniques on Numerical Datasets

Clustering is the techniques adopted by data mining tools across a range of application . It provides several algorithms that can assess large data set based on specific parameters & group related points  . This paper gives comparative analysis of density based clustering algorithms and mass based clustering algorithms. DBSCAN [15] is a base algorithm for density based clustering techniques. One of the advantages of using these techniques is that method does not require the number of clusters to be given a prior and it can detect the clusters of different shapes and sizes from large amount of data which contains noise and outliers. OPTICS [14] on the other hand does not produce a clustering of a data set explicitly, but instead creates an augmented ordering of the database representing its density based clustering structure. Mass based clustering algorithm   mass estimation technique is used (it is alternate of density based clustering) .In Mass based clustering algorithm [22] there are also core regions and noise points are used as a parameter. We analyze the algorithms in terms of the parameters essential for creating meaningful clusters. All the algorithms are tested using numerical data sets for low as well as high dimensional data sets. Keywords: Mass Based (DEMassDBSCAN) ,DBSCAN,OPTICS

Association of Serum Adenosine Deaminase Levels in Cytologically Suggested Cases of Tubercular Lymphadenitis: The Experience of a Tertiary Care Centre

Background: Tuberculosis (TB), a communicable disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires a simple, rapid test, which can be easily carried out in a laboratory. Unfortunately, despite a battery of investigations, no definite test is available till date. Adenosine deaminase (ADA), a biochemical marker has been proposed as a useful surrogate marker for TB as its levels can be measured in body fluids. Methods: A one-and-a-half-year prospective study of 154 cases presenting with lymphadenitis from January 2019 to June 2020 was undertaken. Using cytology, lymphadenitis subjects were divided into two groups: Tubercular (104 patients) as a case group and Reactive (50 patients) as a control group. All cases were followed by serum ADA assay by colorimetric method. Nonparametric tests were performed to compare the two groups. Results: The mean age of the participants was 28.99 ± 13.26 years with a F:M ratio of 1.81:1. Involvement of cervical lymph nodes was most frequent (89.42% cases). The mean S.ADA level for tubercular and reactive lymphadenitis was 41.71 ± 11.53 U/L and 21.16 ± 4.16 U/L, respectively (P-value < 0.05). The cut-off value calculated was 32.6 U/L. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy were calculated as 79.81%, 100%, 100%, 70.42%, and 86.36%, respectively. Conclusion: A statistically significant increase was found in serum ADA levels in tubercular lymphadenitis cases compared to reactive lymphadenitis. Hence, it can be used as an adjunct to FNAC and is a fairly sensitive and specific test. Since it is difficult to always demonstrate AFB in FNAC smears, ADA can be helpful in establishing a definite diagnosis despite smear negativity. Keywords: adenosine deaminase, lymphadenitis, tuberculosi

Pattern and outcome of donor deferral -? need of hour

Background: To analyze various reasons for blood donor deferral and to study its long term impact on potential prospective blood donors.Methods: A total of 26029, otherwise healthy, prospective blood donors were studied retrospectively over a period of 5 years. WHO blood donor selection criteria and counseling guidelines were used for donor selection. Donor deferral data was evaluated with respect to age, sex and cause of deferral which was further analyzed as temporary or permanent deferral.Results: 1448 (5.56%) blood donors were deferred for various reasons. 1232 (4.89%) of total male donors and 216 (26.83%) of total female blood donors were deferred.1378 (95.16%) donors were deferred on temporary basis and only 70 (4.84 %) donors were permanently deferred. Anemia (42.26%) was observed to be the most common cause of temporary donor deferral while hypertension with cardiac disorder (1.93%) was the most common cause of permanent deferral. All the temporary deferred donors (1378) were called after the period of deferment. Out of total 1378 temporarily deferred donors, only 129 donors returned later for voluntary donation.Conclusions: Establishment of effective measures is needed in regard to consider the effect of donor deferrals on future availability of donor and donor return and to monitor necessity and effectiveness of deferrals and their reasons. As percentage of temporary deferral is higher, they should be efficiently managed, counseled, educated and encouraged for future donation which can compensate the increasing demand of blood donors

EMPIRICAL EVALUATION ON K MEANS CLUSTERING WITH EFFECT OF DISTANCE FUNCTIONS FOR BANK DATASET

Cluster analysis is one of the major data analysis method in data Mining. It is the art of detecting groups of similar objects in large datasets without having specified groups by means of explicit features. K Means algorithm is a popular approach to finding clusters due to its simplicity of implementation and fast execution. In this paper the K Means clustering algorithm for bank data is studied and the "bank data" available in comma-separated format bank-data.csv   here appropriate data preprocessing has been performed and various distance function such as Euclidean distance and Manhattan distance function is used for analyzing the result of number of iterations, run time  and within sum of squared error on Bank data

Role of Intra-operative Cytology in the Diagnosis of Ovarian Neoplasm's

Intraoperative cytology (IOC) is performed by taking imprint smears from the cancerous tissue and establishing an early diagnosis at the operation site. 2 In the past, frozen section was used traditionally but now imprint cytology has been proved to be an acceptable and easily reproducible technique as it is performed on other body organs also. 8 IOC has also helped surgeons to establish the diagnosis at the operating site and after examining the cellular details of the tumor, they can plan proper marginal resection accordingly. The diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms by Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is difficult to establish as the ovaries are a deep, structured organ and it causes difficulty for the needle to access the tumor site. 9 However, the Therefore, histopathologic findings helps in not only making a definitive diagnosis of the ovarian neoplasms but also helps in proper planning and management of the tumors. Abstract Background: Intraoperative cytology (IOC) has been widely used nowadays for establishing an early diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms. It is a simple, inexpensive and a rapid diagnostic test which can be performed in a short duration of time. We organized a study to compare the diagnostic utility of IOC with the histopathological examination (gold standard technique) in ovarian benign and malignant neoplasms

Optimizing gefitinib nanoliposomes by Box-Behnken design and coating with chitosan: A sequential approach for enhanced drug delivery

This study aimed to improve the stability and prolonged gefitinib release from the nanoliposomes. Nanoliposomes were prepared by reverse-phase evaporation and optimized using Box-Behnken design to investigate the influence of sonication time (X1), tween 80 / soya phosphatidylcholine ratio (X2), and cholesterol / soya phosphatidylcholine ratio (X3) on nanoliposomes. Optimized nanoliposomes were quasi-spherical shaped, with a mean dimension of 93.2 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 87.56±0.17 %. Surface decoration of the optimized batch was done using different concentrations of chitosan. The optimal chitosan concentration required to adorn the surface of nanoliposomes was 0.01 %. In comparison to unadorned nanoliposomes (82.16±0.65 %), adorned nanoliposomes (78.04±0.35 %) released the drug consistently over 24 h via Fickian diffusion. The IC50 values for surface-adorned nanoliposomes in A549 and H1299 cells were 6.53±0.75 and 4.73±0.46 µM, respectively. Cytotoxicity of the surface-decorated nanoliposomes may be due to their higher zeta potential and prolonged drug release. At 4°C, adorned and unadorned nanoliposomes are most stable. In conclusion, the developed nanoliposomes may offer a new path for melanoma clinics

Notable Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Polyacrylamide (PAM) with Graphene Oxide (GO) and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)

Abstract In the present investigations, the Polyacrylamide (PAM)-graphene oxide (GO)-single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) composite materials has been prepared and physical properties (electrical and mechanical) mesurments have been carried out. The dispersion of GO-SWNTs in PAM matrix was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The GO sheets provide the enormous surface area in nanocomposite films, while the SWNTs act as wires joining the GO together in the composite matrix. This interconnected network creates a conducting path, lowering film resistance and improving PAM films' electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Raman study demonstrated that carbon nanofiller (SWNTs, GO) and PAM have good interfacial boding. Low-temperature dc electrical conductivity measurement and nanoindentation technique were used to investigate the electrical and mechanical properties of PAM-SWNT-GO composite films. At 15 wt% GO and SWNT loading in PAM, significant increases in electrical conductivity and mechanical characteristics (hardness and elastic modulus) are found. Electrical conductivity of 15 wt% GO and SWNTs in PAM is found to be 5 orders of magnitude higher than that of PAM polymer. In compared to pure PAM polymer, the elastic modulus and hardness are found to be 8 and 134 times higher, respectively.</jats:p