Study of multiple-source data collection in wireless sensor networks

A detailed survey on the process of data collection from multiple sources in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is introduced. The topologies that determine the location of the network components with respect to each other are presented. These topologies are often referred to as Mobility topologies. The performance of the overall WSN architecture significantly depends on these topologies. As a consequence, these topologies are elaborately compared and discussed. The most common network components that efficiently collaborate in data collection process are explained. To highlight the data collection process as a subject of our concern, the phases that describe the stages of the data collection are illustrated. These phases consist of three successive stages: discovery, data transfer, and routing. To sum up, the most recent approaches for developing the process of data collection in multiple-source WSNs are also presented

Eccentric connectivity index of unicyclic graphs with application to cycloalkanes

Let G be a simple connected molecular graph. The eccentric connectivity index ξ(G) is defined as ξ (G) = ∑ν∈V(G)deg (ν)ec(ν), where deg(ν) denotes the degree of vertex v and ec(ν) is the largest distance between ν and any other vertex u of G. In this paper, we construct the general formulas for the eccentric connectivity index of unicyclic graphs with application to cycloalkanes

Energy Performance Of Rapid Bus Route

The transportation sector contributes significantly to the use of global energy and emissions due to its traditional dependence on fossil fuels.Climate change, security of energy supplies and the significant increase in demand for public transportation are causing the governments to embark studies on sustainable transportation.Fortunately,there are immediate opportunities to reduce hazardous emissions through the adoption of the latest technologies in buses.One of the potential solutions to the sustainable public transportation is with the use of Rapid Bus System (RB). This system has significantly gained popularity around the world as it is a cost-effective alternative to the expensive urban rail system.However,the main problem with this system is the quantity of hazardous emissions particulary carbon dioxide gas that can result to global warming,which eventually can be catastrophic.In this work,the evaluation and analysis of the optimal energy consumption of the Rapid Bus System (RB) through different route and criteria was performed.The energy consumed was calculated with the aid of smart phone applications namely MotionX-GPS.Online map was also utilized.From the raw data obtained,analysis was conducted and the results obtained shows that the average energy consumed for a particular bus on route is approximately 5.01 MJ.The routes selected are located around Melaka city.The data obtained can be further used to study the strength and weaknesses of RB system so that a more efficient RB can be realised in future

Performance Improvement of Multi-band MIMO Antennas for 5G Applications

  A comprehensive argument is present in this paper for the development of a four-element Three major frequency band MIMO antenna that is suitable for the 5G and beyond upcoming wireless technology. This antenna, constructed using FR-4 material and measuring 38 x 38 x 1.67 mm3, operates in the UWB, Ku-band, as well as a portion of the Ka-band and lower millimeter band. A 4×4 MIMO antenna structure was used to evaluate the proposed technique; the antenna resonates at three bands. The array has dimensions of 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.039λ_g^3. The tested features of the proposed antenna system demonstrate compatible responses for broadband frequency ranges. The first band covers frequencies from 3.14 GHz to 9.14 GHz (6 GHz bandwidth) with the following characteristics: 97.7% bandwidth, 78% maximum radiation efficiency, and a total efficiency of 73%. A 2.27 dB peak gain, 10 dB average diversity gain (DG), and not more than 0.085the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC). Also, this antenna has more than 24 dB isolation boundary between the radiating elements. At the second band, this antenna realizes 58% bandwidth with operation range from 9.2 GHz to 16.7 GHz (7.5 GHz), while maintaining an 88.8%, 82.7% as maximum radiation efficiency, and total efficiency respectfully. A peak gain of 5.4 dB, around 10 dB average DG, and an ECC of less than 0.018. Moreover, a value of greater than 18 dB minimum decoupling between the adjacent elements. The proposed structure shows 11 GHz bandwidth at the third frequency band, which ranging from 20.15 GHz to 31.31 GHz, representing a bandwidth of 43.4%. A peak gain of 7.4 dB is reached. Maximum radiation efficiency of 86.3%, with a total efficiency of 83.5%. The average DG is about 10 dB, and the ECC is lower than 0.005. An isolation gap of more than 13 dB is reached between the radiating elements

The Effect of Corporate Governance in Islamic Banking on the Agility of Iraqi Banks

The primary purpose of the research is to investigate the impact of corporate governance in Islamic banking on the agility of Iraqi banks. In other words, the current study seeks to find an answer to the question of whether corporate governance in Islamic banking can affect the agility and speed of change of banks in the face of problems in Iraq or not. For this purpose, the research method is applied based on the goal and descriptive survey based on the method. The statistical population of this study is all managers, employees and customers of the public and private banks of Iraq, and a total of 70 questionnaires have been completed and analyzed. The sampling method of the research is non-random, and the available population has been selected as the sample size. In this research, PLS tests have been used to investigate the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. The research results indicate that corporate governance in Islamic banking has had a positive effect on the agility of Iraqi banks, meaning that with the increase of corporate governance mechanisms in Iraqi Islamic banking, the rate of change of banks (agility of banks) has been facing more problems

Eccentric connectivity index of certain classes of cycloalkenes

Let G be a simple connected molecular graph. The eccentric connectivity index ξ(G) is defined as ξ(G)=∑vϵV(G)deg(v)ec(v), where deg(v) denotes the degree of vertex v and ec(v) is the largest distance between v and any other vertex uϵG. In this paper, we establish the general formulas for the eccentric connectivity index of molecular graphs of cycloalkenes

Distribution and variability of deformed wing virus of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in the Middle East and North Africa

Three hundred and eleven honeybee samples from 12 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) (Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Yemen, Palestine, and Sudan) were analyzed for the presence of deformed wing virus (DWV). The prevalence of DWV throughout the MENA region was pervasive, but variable. The highest prevalence was found in Lebanon and Syria, with prevalence dropping in Palestine, Jordan, and Egypt before increasing slightly moving westwards to Algeria and Morocco Phylogenetic analysis of a 194 nucleotide section of the DWV Lp gene did not identify any significant phylogenetic resolution among the samples, although the sequences did show consistent regional clustering, including an interesting geographic gradient from Morocco through North Africa to Jordan and Syria. The sequences revealed several clear variability hotspots in the deduced amino acid sequence, which furthermore showed some patterns of regional identity. Furthermore, the sequence variants from the Middle East and North Africa appear more numerous and diverse than those from Europe

The Pan-African parliament : its promise for human rights and democracy in Africa

Magister Legum - LLMSince the transition of the Organisation for African Unity (OAU) to the African Union (AU) there has been a notable shift in the way the organisation addresses human rights and democratisation. Particularly the OAU had been known for setting aside human rights concerns to the under resourced African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (African Commission) to deal with in Banjul, far away from Addis Ababa its major organs conduct their day to day activities.' However, the coming into force of the Constitutive Act of the AU and establishment of the Union had brought, at least in theory, human rights and democratic concerns to the centre. The Constitutive Act firmly and clearly provides as its objective the promotion of democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance and promotion and protection of human rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (African Charter) and other relevant human rights instruments as provided for under articles 3(g) and 3(h) of the act. It further provides under article 4(m) respect for democratic principles, human right, rule of law and good governance as one of its principles. With the establishment of the AU and mainstreaming of human rights into the work of the AU, a myriad of institutions were created that deal with human rights. Coupled with this a very broad and rather general mandate was given to these various institutions. This resulted in lack of clearly defined roles and responsibilities of these institutions in relation to the promotion and protection of human rights as well as their contribution to democratisation. This in addition to posing a challenge to the aspiration of an integrated and effective approach to human rights leaves room for overlap, duplication of efforts and thus waste of already meagre resources. Unfortunately, four years since the inauguration of the AU in 2002 the roles and responsibilities of some of the major bodies tasked with promotion of human rights and democratic institutions are yet to be defined. One such institution is the Pan African Parliament (PAP). PAP owes it conception as far back as the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community (AEC or Abuja Treaty) of 3 June 1991. The Sirte Declaration of 1999 called for the establishment of the AU and also provided for the shortening of implementation of the Abuja Treaty and the immediate establishment of institutions under the Africa Economic Community (AEC) one of which was PAP.2 PAP was finally established as an organ of the AU under article 5(c) and article 17 of the Constitutive Act. These provisions were further supplemented by a Protocol to the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community relating to the Pan-African Parliament (Protocol establishing PAP), which was adopted in 2001 and came into force in 2003. One of its objectives, as set out in the Protocol, relates to the promotion of the principles of human rights and democracy in Africa (Art 3(2)). However since its establishment it is unclear as to how it has been carrying out this mandate and how it intends to do so in the future

SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS AS A PHILOSOPHICAL CATEGORY IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

The article provides a philosophical understanding of the category of social consciousness in the context of modern digital communication. Taking into account the transformational nature of the information society, the author proposes to consider social consciousness not as a static reflection of social existence, but as a dynamic and sensitive to technological changes form of collective spiritual existence. The relevance of the study is due to the need to rethink traditional philosophical concepts under the influence of new social and techno-communication realities. An interdisciplinary methodological approach is applied, combining elements of hermeneutics, phenomenology, critical social philosophy and techno-philosophy. The key stages of the evolution of ideas about social consciousness in Western and Ukrainian philosophical traditions are analyzed, and the main factors of its modern transformation are identified: virtualization of experience, fragmentation of information, algorithmization of communication, post-truth and the formation of new types of digital identity. Special attention is paid to the analysis of digital communication as not only a technological but also a socio-cultural phenomenon that affects the deep meanings of collective thinking. It is shown that digital communication constructs a new form of social consciousness - dynamic, unstable, reactive, sensitive to the information environment and manipulative strategies. The author concludes that social consciousness in the digital age appears simultaneously as a space of threat (due to the weakening of criticality, the growth of emotional reactivity, information overload), and as a space of new opportunities (for mobilization, self-identification, resistance). The article emphasizes the importance of further philosophical understanding of the processes occurring at the intersection of technology and consciousness, in particular in the context of information warfare and the global struggle for meanings