Associação entre miopatia induzida por estatinas e exercício físico

Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em FarmacologiaIntrodução: Ainda permanece pouco entendido se a associação entre exercício e estatina é condição potencial que induz à miopatia. Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento bibliográfico sobre a associação entre a miopatia induzida pelo uso de estatinas nas dislipidemias, e a prática de exercícios físicos. Desenvolvimento: Apesar das controvérsias, há várias hipóteses que tentam explicar o desenvolvimento de miopatias induzidas pela estatina. A apoptose é a teoria mais citada pelos autores, embora os mecanismos pelos quais a apoptose ocorra ainda não sejam totalmente compreendidos. Contudo, sugere-se que o comprometimento de outros subprodutos do mevalonato diferentes do esqualeno, que forma o colesterol, tais como aqueles envolvidos com a prenilação que altera as proteínas regulatórias como as guanosina trifosfato (GTPases), da proteína cinase ativada por mitógeno (MAPK), e ubiquinona, estejam relacionados com a miopatia induzida por estatina. Os estudos que investigaram a relação entre exercícios e miopatia induzida pela estatina são ainda menos conclusivos, com algum indício que o primeiro potencializou os efeitos deletérios das estatinas. Boa parte dos estudos investigou o efeito agudo do exercício com características excêntricas e observaram aumento da creatina quinase (CK), que é um dos possíveis indicadores de miopatia. Contudo, o exercício excêntrico, por si só, também gera aumento de CK. Conclusão: Ainda não há consenso sobre a relação entre exercícios e estatina, e o uso de marcadores de dano muscular mais específicos do que os marcadores enzimáticos atuais poderiam auxiliar a discriminação entre os danos produzidos pelo exercício, daqueles provocados pelas estatinasntroduction: It remains poorly understood whether the association between exercise and statin is potential condition that induces myopathy. Objective: To review the literature on the association between myopathy induced by the use of statins for lipid control scenario and physical exercise. Development: Despite the controversies, there are several hypotheses that attempt to explain the development of statin-induced myopathies. The apoptosis is the theory most often cited by the authors, although the mechanisms by which apoptosis occurs is still not fully understood. However, it is suggested that the involvement of other by-products of mevalonate than the esqualene how cholesterol, such as those involved in prenylation amending regulatory proteins such as Guanosine Triphosphate (GT Pases) of the Mitogen-activated Protein kinase (MAPK), and Ubiquinone, are related to statin-induced myopathy. Studies investigating the relationship between exercise and statin-induced myopathy are even less conclusive, with some evidence that first potentiates the deleterious effects of statins. Most of the studies investigated the acute effect of exercise with eccentric characteristics and observed an increase in creatine kinase (CK), which is one of the possible indicators of myopathy. However, eccentric exercise, by itself, also generates an increase in CK. Conclusion: There is still no consensus on the relationship between exercise and statins, and the use of markers of muscle damage that the more specific enzyme markers could help to discriminate between damage caused by the exercise of those caused by statins

Der Einsatz von Social Media im Stadtmarketing

Das Internet löste eine tief greifende Medienrevolution aus, die sich durch die Entwicklungen im Social Media Bereich sowie der Nutzung des mobilen Internets nochmals verstärkt. So hat sich die Art, wie Inhalte heute erstellt, verteilt und wahrgenommen werden, stark verändert (Münker, 2009). Dementsprechend stellt sich auch die Frage, wie ein erfolgreiches Marketing zukunftsorientiert positioniert werden kann und welche Mechanismen im Internet, unterstützt durch Social Media, dafür Potentiale bieten. Sowohl von Beispielen der Marketingstrategien große Konzerne als auch im Marketing von kleinen Kommunen ist dies ablesbar. Gegenstand dieses Beitrages sind die Ergebnisse einer empirischen Studie (Masser 2013), die den Einsatz von Social Media im Stadtmarketing in der Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar (MRN) untersucht hat und hier exemplarisch vorgestellt wird. Ziel ist es hierbei, die Gründe und Motivationen, warum Kommunen Social Media in ihren Marketingprozess einbeziehen zu ermitteln oder falls dies noch nicht geschehen ist, die Ursachen dafür zu identifizieren. Neben der allgemeinen Erläuterung von Zielen im Marketingprozess mit Social Media standen folgende Fragestellungen im Mittelpunkt der Studie: Ist Social Media lediglich ein Instrument um junge Menschen, welche durch klassisches kommunales Marketing nur schwierig zu erreichen sind, anzusprechen? Oder gilt es, das Image gegenüber Außenstehenden (Touristen) zu verbessern? Könnte gegebenenfalls die hohe Aktualität des Mediums ein Kriterium für den Einsatz solcher Marketingkanäle (Facebook, Google+, Twitter etc.) sein? Daneben wird die Hypothese überprüft, ob das Interesse an Social Media Marketing abhängig von der Größe der Stadt ist oder nicht. Weiterhin wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob Großstädte mehr Social Media Angebote nutzen als kleinere Kommunen

A PRODUÇÃO DE CONHECIMENTO SOBRE FORMAÇÃO EM SERVIÇO SOCIAL: HISTORICIDADE, CONFIGURAÇÃO E CONTRIBUIÇÃO

RESUMO A formação em Serviço Social, no Brasil, completará no ano de 2016, oito décadas. De lá para cá, um conjunto de alterações se processaram na mesma, com destaque para as significativas mudanças que ocorreram, após a aprovação do projeto de formação vigente (ABESS, 1996), seja na geografia da mesma, com o aumento significativo de cursos na área, seja pela nova modalidade de ensino (à distância) nas Unidades de Formação de Assistentes Sociais (UFAS), bem como na consolidação da pós-graduação e da pesquisa na área. Neste sentido, o artigo se propõe a apresentar resultados de uma pesquisa que objetiva verificar como a produção de conhecimento, acerca da formação em Serviço Social, vem se configurando e contribuindo para a área neste início de século XXI. A relevância de estudos dessa natureza decorre das alterações indicadas, bem como dos desafios que se colocam na garantia da qualidade e do projeto de formação vigente

Increased cardiovascular disease risk in the HIV-positive population on ART: potential role of HIV-Nef and Tat

With effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), many HIV-infected people die of diseases other than acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In particular, coronary artery disease has emerged as one of most critical complications of HIV infection and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although reportedly antiretroviral combination therapy itself may accelerate atherosclerosis by enhancing dyslipidemia, most recent epidemiological studies support the notion that HIV infection itself contributes to cardiovascular disease. However, it is still a mystery how the virus can contribute to cardiovascular disease development even while suppressed by ARTs. This review discusses the current understanding of interactions between HIV infection and cardiovascular diseases in both clinical and experimental studies with special focus on those viral proteins that are still produced by HIV. This will help infectious disease/vascular biology experts to gain insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of HIV-associated cardiovascular disease and new trends to treat and prevent cardiovascular disease in the HIV-infected population

Novel Monoclonal Antibodies for Cancer Treatment: The Trifunctional Antibody Catumaxomab (Removab®)

The trifunctional antibody (trAb) catumaxomab is characterized by a unique ability to bind three different cell types: tumor cells; T-cells; and accessory cells. It binds to epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) on tumor cells, the CD3 antigen on T-cells, and to type I, IIa, and III Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on accessory cells (e.g. natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages). Catumaxomab exerts its anti-tumor effects via T-cell-mediated lysis, antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and phagocytosis via activation of FcγR-positive accessory cells. Catumaxomab represents a self-supporting system, as no additional immune cell activation is required for tumor eradication. The efficacy and safety of catumaxomab have been demonstrated in a pivotal phase II/III study in malignant ascites (MA) and supporting phase I/II studies. It is administered as four intraperitoneal (i.p.) infusions of 10, 20, 50, and 150 µg on days 0, 3, 7, and 10, respectively. Catumaxomab was approved for the i.p. treatment of MA in patients with EpCAM-positive carcinomas where standard therapy is not available or no longer feasible in the European Union in April 2009. It is the first trAb and the first drug in the world approved specifically for the treatment of MA. Catumaxomab was awarded the Galen of Pergamon Prize, which recognizes pharmacological research for developing new and innovative drugs and diagnostics, in the specialist care category in 2010. The use of catumaxomab in other indications and additional routes of administration are currently being investigated to further exploit its therapeutic potential in EpCAM-positive carcinomas

Measurement of the LT-asymmetry in \pi^0 electroproduction at the energy of the \Delta (1232) resonance

The reaction p(e,e'p)pi^0 has been studied at Q^2=0.2 (GeV/c)^2 in the region of W=1232 MeV. From measurements left and right of q, cross section asymmetries \rho_LT have been obtained in forward kinematics \rho_LT(\theta_\pi^0=20deg) = (-11.68 +/- 2.36_stat +/- 2.36_sys)$ and backward kinematics \rho_LT(\theta_\pi^0=160deg) =(12.18 +/- 0.27_stat +/- 0.82_sys). Multipole ratios \Re(S_1+^* M_1+)/|M_1+|^2 and \Re(S_0+^* M_1+)/|M_1+|^2 were determined in the framework of the MAID2003 model. The results are in agreement with older data. The unusally strong negative \Re(S_0+^* M_1+)/|M_1+|^2 required to bring also the result of Kalleicher et al. in accordance with the rest of the data is almost excluded.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables. Changed content. Accepted for publication in EPJ

Lowest Q^2 Measurement of the gamma*p -> Delta Reaction: Probing the Pionic Contribution

To determine nonspherical angular momentum amplitudes in hadrons at long ranges (low Q^2), data were taken for the p(\vec{e},e'p)\pi^0 reaction in the Delta region at Q^2=0.060 (GeV/c)^2 utilizing the magnetic spectrometers of the A1 Collaboration at MAMI. The results for the dominant transition magnetic dipole amplitude and the quadrupole to dipole ratios at W=1232 MeV are: M_{1+}^{3/2} = (40.33 +/- 0.63_{stat+syst} +/- 0.61_{model}) (10^{-3}/m_{\pi^+}),Re(E_{1+}^{3/2}/M_{1+}^{3/2}) = (-2.28 +/- 0.29_{stat+syst} +/- 0.20_{model})%, and Re(S_{1+}^{3/2}/M_{1+}^{3/2}) = (-4.81 +/- 0.27_{stat+syst} +/- 0.26_{model})%. These disagree with predictions of constituent quark models but are in reasonable agreement with lattice calculations with non-linear (chiral) pion mass extrapolations, with chiral effective field theory, and with dynamical models with pion cloud effects. These results confirm the dominance, and general Q^2 variation, of the pionic contribution at large distances.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

Self energies of the pion and the delta isobar from the ^3He(e,e'pi^+)^3H reaction

In a kinematically complete experiment at the Mainz microtron MAMI, pion angular distributions of the $^3$He(e,e'$\pi^+)^3$H reaction have been measured in the excitation region of the $\Delta$ resonance to determine the longitudinal ($L$), transverse ($T$), and the $LT$ interference part of the differential cross section. The data are described only after introducing self-energy modifications of the pion and $\Delta$-isobar propagators. Using Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT) to extrapolate the pion self energy as inferred from the measurement on the mass shell, we deduce a reduction of the $\pi^+$ mass of $\Delta m_{\pi^+} = (-1.7^{+ 1.7}_{- 2.1})$ MeV/c$^2$ in the neutron-rich nuclear medium at a density of $\rho = (0.057^{+ 0.085}_{- 0.057})$ fm$^{-3}$. Our data are consistent with the $\Delta$ self energy determined from measurements of $\pi^0$ photoproduction from $^4$He and heavier nuclei.Comment: Elsart, 12 pages and 4 figures, Correspondent: Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Achim Richter, [email protected], submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

First measurements of the ^16O(e,e'pn)^14N reaction

This paper reports on the first measurement of the ^16O(e,e'pn)^14N reaction. Data were measured in kinematics centred on a super-parallel geometry at energy and momentum transfers of 215 MeV and 316 MeV/c. The experimental resolution was sufficient to distinguish groups of states in the residual nucleus but not good enough to separate individual states. The data show a strong dependence on missing momentum and this dependence appears to be different for two groups of states in the residual nucleus. Theoretical calculations of the reaction using the Pavia code do not reproduce the shape or the magnitude of the data.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables, Accepted for publication in EPJ

Separated cross sections in \pi^0 electroproduction at threshold at Q^2 = 0.05 GeV^2/c^2

The differential cross sections \sigma_0=\sigma_T+\epsilon \sigma_L, \sigma_{LT}, and \sigma_{TT} of \pi^0 electroproduction from the proton were measured from threshold up to an additional center of mass energy of 40 MeV, at a value of the photon four-momentum transfer of Q^2= 0.05 GeV^2/c^2 and a center of mass angle of \theta=90^\circ. By an additional out-of-plane measurement with polarized electrons \sigma_{LT'} was determined. This showed for the first time the cusp effect above the \pi^+ threshold in the imaginary part of the s-wave. The predictions of Heavy Baryon Chiral Perturbation Theory are in disagreement with these data. On the other hand, the data are somewhat better predicted by the MAID phenomenological model and are in good agreement with the dynamical model DMT.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure