Iconos del ritual mortuorio como indicadores de cambios y resignificaciones

La imagen ha funcionado como un transmisor de ideas en los pueblos sin escritura, y puede ser tomada como un texto que tiene un proceso de recepción de acuerdo a distintas comunidades. La llegada al valle del Hualfín de la ideología religiosa Aguada ejemplifi ca estas recepciones. El objetivo fue determinar el rol jugado por la comunidad local previa que recepcionó los nuevos iconos y aportó con otros que fueron resignifi cados por la nueva ideología. Se analizaron los iconos presentes en las unidades funerarias del periodo Medio del Valle del Hualfín ca. 500-950 d.C., sus variantes, su distribución en los enterratorios y los cambios producidos a partir de fi nales de la cultura Ciénaga previa. La base empírica llevó a usar como metodología de investigación el «estudio de casos» como parte del enfoque microsocial. El ajuar cerámico funerario fue tomado como indicador fundamental. En su análisis iconográfi co se siguió el enfoque de Gombrich (1983) y en sus implicancias sociales, el de Bourdieu (1997). El análisis de la producción simbólica funeraria puso en evidencia que un conjunto de iconos, originados en el sistema de pensamiento y visión del mundo sustentado durante el período Temprano, se resignifi caron en el período siguienteThe image has functioned as a transmitter of ideas in peoples without writing, and can be taken as a text that has a reception process according to different communities. The arrival at Hualfín´s valley of the Aguada´s religious ideology exemplifi es these receptions. The goal was to determine the role played by the local community previous whoever receives the new icons and provide others icons that were resignifi ed by the new ideology. Were examined the icons on the burial units in the Hualfi n´s Valley Middle Period ca. AD 500-950, her variants, distributions in burial and their changes produced since the end of Ciénaga´s culture previous. The empirical basis led us to use as a research methodology the «case study» as part of the microsocial approach. The ceramic funeral furnishings was taken as a key indicator. In her iconographic analysis followed the Gombrich´s (1983) approach and its social implications, that of Bourdieu (1997) Analysis of the symbolical burial production made it clear that an icon set, originated in the thought system and worldviews sustained during the early period was resignifi ed in the next period.Fil: Baldini, Marta Ines. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Museo Etnográfico "Juan B. Ambrosetti"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sempe, Maria Carlota. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Laboratorio de Análisis Cerámico; Argentin

Streptolysin O and NAD-Glycohydrolase Prevent Phagolysosome Acidification and Promote Group A Streptococcus Survival in Macrophages

ABSTRACT Group A Streptococcus (GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes) is an ongoing threat to human health as the agent of streptococcal pharyngitis, skin and soft tissue infections, and life-threatening conditions such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. In animal models of infection, macrophages have been shown to contribute to host defense against GAS infection. However, as GAS can resist killing by macrophages in vitro and induce macrophage cell death, it has been suggested that GAS intracellular survival in macrophages may enable persistent infection. Using isogenic mutants, we now show that the GAS pore-forming toxin streptolysin O (SLO) and its cotoxin NAD-glycohydrolase (NADase) mediate GAS intracellular survival and cytotoxicity for macrophages. Unexpectedly, the two toxins did not inhibit fusion of GAS-containing phagosomes with lysosomes but rather prevented phagolysosome acidification. SLO served two essential functions, poration of the phagolysosomal membrane and translocation of NADase into the macrophage cytosol, both of which were necessary for maximal GAS intracellular survival. Whereas NADase delivery to epithelial cells is mediated by SLO secreted from GAS bound to the cell surface, in macrophages, the source of SLO and NADase is GAS contained within phagolysosomes. We found that transfer of NADase from the phagolysosome to the macrophage cytosol occurs not by simple diffusion through SLO pores but rather by a specific translocation mechanism that requires the N-terminal translocation domain of NADase. These results illuminate the mechanisms through which SLO and NADase enable GAS to defeat macrophage-mediated killing and provide new insight into the virulence of a major human pathogen

School-level inequality and learning achievement: measurement, theory, and analysis based on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)

Exogenous socioeconomic characteristics in schools, or school socioeconomic compositional effects (SCE), heavily influence students’ cognitive and noncognitive outcomes. The influence of SCE on learning achievements varies across individuals, schools, and wider contexts. SCE reflect structural individual and societal conditions that affect people’s future lives and development. In this respect, understanding their complexity provides a greater opportunity to address disparities and enable people and societies to reach their potential. The most common aspects studied in the academic literature are the student’s socioeconomic status (SES) and the school socioeconomic status. This thesis focuses on a less studied SCE dimension, namely within-school economic inequality (hereafter school inequality). This aggregated measure of inequality reflects the distribution of students’ household wealth in each school and provides an understanding beyond the usual SCE aspects. The presence of school inequality matters to educational and development studies and practice because it sheds further light on the role of SCE inside schools. Studying school inequality across a range of contexts enables the development of appropriate policies to address its potential influence on students’ learning outcomes. I use data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which measures learning outcomes as the Reading, Mathematics and Science skills of 15-year-old students across the world. I use waves 5, 6 and 7 corresponding to years 2012, 2015 and 2018. I focus on four aspects related to the phenomenon of school inequality: i) its measurement based on categorical data using tools provided by Item Response Theory models, which is axiomatised and validated with other inequality measurements; ii) a review of how socioeconomic inequalities affect schooling outcomes identifying four distinct academic bodies of literature, namely, difficulties in terms of access to education; the corrosive effect of inequality in the social fabric; relative deprivation and interpersonal comparisons; and, finally, social reproduction theory. Based on that, I develop a set of inferential analysis models to study the relationship between both school inequality and learning scores. I consistently find negative associations between them across the different PISA waves, model specifications and inequality measurements. I also find that school wealth interacts differently with school inequality, finding that students in wealthier schools tend to be more negatively influenced by inequality. iii) I theorise potential channels of how school inequality affects schooling outcomes suggesting mechanisms such as social isolation, interpersonal comparisons and anomie. By understanding schools as socialising spaces and based on a social cohesion framework, I study how certain attitudes operate as mitigating resources – in terms of compensation, moderation and mitigation – of the negative consequences of inequality on learning scores. However, the negative effects remain in place after the inclusion of those explanatory variables. iv) Finally, I develop an exploratory study addressing a theoretical and empirical trade-off between school inequality and country school segregation, showing how both factors coexist and negatively affect learning scores. Learning scores are used as a synthetic measurement of school achievement, and at the same time, are a relevant predictor of further academic advancement and economic development

Sánchez, B. y Coto, P. (2016). Inspiraciones alcanzables: 15 políticas educativas destacadas en América Latina. Buenos Aires: CIPPEC, Natura e Instituto Natura.

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Students’ perceptions of lecturers and its influence on their need for autonomy, competence and relatedness

The purpose of this study was to investigate and understand how students’ perception of their lecturers influence their basic psychological needs. The study was approached using Self-Determination Theory as a theoretical lens, focusing specifically on the aspect of basic needs satisfaction (need for autonomy, competence and relatedness). A qualitative research approach was followed to ensure that the research questions could be answered. The study followed a secondary data analysis design, with data sources in the form of pre-existing narratives that were collected from the first-year students at the University of Pretoria describing the attitudes and behaviours of motivating and demotivating lecturers. Purposive sampling procedures were used to select the 20 information rich narratives for use in this study. Further, inductive thematic data analysis procedures were employed as these allowed for the clustering and thematising of meaningful data. The emerging themes were: lecturer’s relationship with the students, formal content presentation, teaching approach, and lecturer’s personality. These themes represent the aspects of lecturers’ attitudes and behaviours that potentially foster or thwart students’ basic psychological needs. The findings highlighted a positive role of the students’ perception of their lecturers on their perception of the learning environment. The findings further highlighted the importance of lecturers understanding the effect of motivation on their students in order for them to sustain a classroom environment where students can excel through having their basic psychological needs met.Mini Dissertation (MEd (Educational Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2020.Educational PsychologyMEd (Educational Psychology)Unrestricte

Experiences of patients on short term drug resistant tuberculosis regimen at Nelson Mandela District TB Specialist Hospital

The purpose of this research study was to explore and describe the experiences of patients on short-term drug resistant TB treatment in a TB specialist hospital situated in Nelson Mandela District. Patients on XDR-TB treatment face many challenges which include side effects which they find hard to tolerate and they end up stopping the treatment. Socio-economic difficulties of concern include delayed social assistance from the government to support their families, particularly when they are breadwinners. A qualitative, descriptive, explorative contextual design was used in this research study. A non-probability convenience sampling method was employed. The target population for this study consisted of those DR-TB patients who were on short-term regimen and semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. There were twelve participants who voluntary participated in the research study although the first interview was a pilot study. Ethical principles were adhered to throughout the study. A total of seven themes and twenty-seven sub-themes arose during the data analysis and were fully discussed. Confidentiality and anonymity was ensured throughout this research. The research findings showed that the participants shared positive experiences in as far as being able to easily access the health care service. Most participants were moved through a range of emotions which included shock. They felt heartbroken about the devastation and the disruptive nature of this illness to themselves and their family lives and, more seriously, were fearful of the morbidity and mortality thoughts which pervaded their thoughts but their health improved when drug resistant TB treatment was initiated. Many of the participants found it easy to disclose to their friends as they knew they could count on their support at the best and worst of times in their treatment journey. In conclusion the participants provided suggestions regarding their support needs on the journey to recovery from DR-TB. The researcher provided certain recommendations as far as the challenges expressed by the participants and these will contribute to strengthening the DR-TB adherence strategies.Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 202

Alternativa de tratamento e disposição final para resíduos infectantes do Hospital Universitário Professor Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago

TCC(graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Tecnológico. Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental.O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a aplicação de um modelo de gestão de resíduos de saúde com uma alternativa inovadora para o tratamento e disposição final dos resíduos infectantes (A4 e E) do Hospital Universitário Professor Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago, vinculado à UFSC e localizado no município de Florianópolis, capital do Estado de Santa Catarina. Os resíduos produzidos nos denominados “estabelecimentos de saúde” demandam um gerenciamento adequado e diferenciado, pois podem oferecer riscos à população e ao meio ambiente. Por tal razão, é imperioso executar o correto manejo, tratamento e disposição final de tais resíduos. A proposta toma por diretrizes básicas o Plano de Gerenciamento dos Resíduos de Serviço de Saúde do Hospital Universitário, que oferece ferramentas para a elaboração do presente Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso. A partir de um modelo de case de sucesso aplicado no Hospital Moinhos de Vento o presente trabalho se desenvolve na viabilidade da aplicação deste modelo no Hospital Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago. Analisando custos de investimento inicial bem como estudos de payback descontado foi possível afimar que o projeto é viável com um investimento inicial de R$1,5 milhoes de reais e um tempo de payback descontado de aproximadamente 2 anos e 7 meses

Experiences of patients on short term drug resistant tuberculosis regimen at Nelson Mandela District TB Specialist Hospital

The purpose of this research study was to explore and describe the experiences of patients on short-term drug resistant TB treatment in a TB specialist hospital situated in Nelson Mandela District. Patients on XDR-TB treatment face many challenges which include side effects which they find hard to tolerate and they end up stopping the treatment. Socio-economic difficulties of concern include delayed social assistance from the government to support their families, particularly when they are breadwinners. A qualitative, descriptive, explorative contextual design was used in this research study. A non-probability convenience sampling method was employed. The target population for this study consisted of those DR-TB patients who were on short-term regimen and semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. There were twelve participants who voluntary participated in the research study although the first interview was a pilot study. Ethical principles were adhered to throughout the study. A total of seven themes and twenty-seven sub-themes arose during the data analysis and were fully discussed. Confidentiality and anonymity was ensured throughout this research. The research findings showed that the participants shared positive experiences in as far as being able to easily access the health care service. Most participants were moved through a range of emotions which included shock. They felt heartbroken about the devastation and the disruptive nature of this illness to themselves and their family lives and, more seriously, were fearful of the morbidity and mortality thoughts which pervaded their thoughts but their health improved when drug resistant TB treatment was initiated. Many of the participants found it easy to disclose to their friends as they knew they could count on their support at the best and worst of times in their treatment journey. In conclusion the participants provided suggestions regarding their support needs on the journey to recovery from DR-TB. The researcher provided certain recommendations as far as the challenges expressed by the participants and these will contribute to strengthening the DR-TB adherence strategies.Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 202

The school management team’s role in conducting extra classes on weekends and during vacations for matriculants: a critical investigation.

Masters Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.This thesis presented the managers’ views on the role they play in managing extra classes conducted on weekends and during vacations for matric students. The study is qualitative. I used the interpretivist approach, and the case study. Three schools, with 3 principals (respectively), 3 Level 1 educators, and 2 Heads of Department, were purposively selected as participants. Data were generated using the one-on-one semi-structured interviews with the focus group. A conceptual framework, together with a curricular spider web (CSW) (produced from the literature, which was on the role played by managers), was used to guide the personal, societal, and professional approaches. The following themes: the managers’ rationale for managing in the way they do; goals they are managing towards; time allocated to extra classes; roles played by managers and teachers; resources needed; and the community and staff involvement were employed. Findings, conclusions, general recommendations, and recommendations for further studies have been covered in this study. The roles played by managers in conducting extra classes on weekends and during vacations are seen as professional, transformational, or personal. Findings on each category are given. Managers are compelled by the CAPS principles of credibility, quality, and efficiency, to provide an education that is comparable in quality, breadth and depth to that of other countries of the world. Findings showed that there was a significant relationship between the role played by managers, and the effectiveness of extra classes. The transformational approach brought about an open participation which helped to amass support from the educators, who in turn own this exercise. Recommendations are that there must be proper monitoring and control to ensure that time allocated for subjects and tuition is managed accordingly. Some schools still perform best without needing to resort to unconventional methods