An Inventory Model for Deteriorating Commodity under Stock Dependent Selling Rate

Economic order quantity (EOQ) is one of the most important inventory policy that have to be decided in managing an inventory system. The problem addressed in this paper concerns with the decision of the optimal replenishment time for ordering an EOQ to a supplier. This Model is captured the affect of stock dependent selling rate and varying price. We developed an inventory model under varying of demand-deterioration-price of commodity when the relationship of supplier-grocery-consumer at stochastic environment. The replenishment assumed instantaneous with zero lead time. The commodity will decay of quality according to the original condition with randomize characteristics. First, the model is addressed to solve a problem phenomenon how long is the optimum length of cycle time. Then, an EOQ of commodity to be ordered by will be determined by model. To solve this problem, the first step is developed a mathematical model based on reference’s model, and then solve the model analytically. Finally, an inventory model for deteriorating commodity under stock dependent selling rate and considering selling price was derived by this research. Keywords: deterioration commodity, expected profit, optimal replenishment time stock dependent selling rate

A Buffer Stocks Model for Stabilizing Price of Commodity under Limited Time of Supply and Continuous Consumption

Staple foods, in developing countries especially in Indonesia, have extremely volatile among harvest and planting season caused by inelastic of supply-demand and price disparity. When a staple food is shortage in market, it will trigger crisis of economics, political and social because it concerns with food security. This paper develops a buffer stock model for stabilizing price of commodity under limited time of supply and continuous consumption. The performance criterion of model will consider financial loss of producer, consumer and government side when market is interfered by price-stabilization program and price-support program simultaneously. The price fluctuation will be stabilized by market operation where buffer stocks are bought from domestic and import supply point. This paper provides a price band policy that attempts to bound domestic price variation between a set of upper and lower bounds on the level of domestic prices. We consider three sets of problems reflecting different three prices elasticity from 4 period of supply and demand. Numerical examples are found to be consistent with empirical estimates regarding the relationship price elasticity with price band and with government budget for the agenda of assisting household to assure availability a staple food with enough amounts at rational prices. Keywords: buffer stocks, price band, stabilization, limited time of supply, staple foods

Integrated Production-Distribution Planning with Considering Preventive Maintenance

The preventive maintenance activity is important thing in production system especially for a continuous production process, for example in fertilizer industry. Therefore, it has to be considered in production-distribution planning. This paper considers the interval of production facility’s preventive maintenance in production-distribution planning of multi echelon supply chain system which consists of a manufacturer with a continuous production process, a distribution center, a number of distributors and a number of retailers. The problem address in this paper is how to determine coordinated productiondistribution policies that considers the interval of production facility’s preventive maintenance, and customer demand only occurred at retailers and it fluctuates by time. Based on model of Santoso, et al. (2007), using the periodic review inventory model and a coordinated production and replenishment policies that are decided by central planning office and it must be obeyed by all entities of multi-echelon supply chain, the integrated production-distribution planning model is developed to determine the production and replenishment policies of all echelon in the supply chain system in order to minimize total system cost during planning horizon. Total system cost consists of set-up/ordering cost, maintenance cost, holding cost, outsourcing cost and transportation cost at all of entities. With considering preventive maintenance and there is one production run over the planning horizon, the replenishment cycle at distribution center, distributors and retailers that are found out are greater than the basic model. Also, the multiplication of replenishment cycle at distribution center in production cycle that is found out is greater than the basic model but the multiplication of replenishment cycle at retailers in its distributor are smaller than the basic model

BUFFER STOCK MODEL FOR STABILIZING PRICE WITH CONSIDERING THE EXPECTATION STAKEHOLDERS IN THE STAPLE-FOOD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The extremely different supplies between the harvest season and the planting season are one of serious problem in the staple-food distribution system. In free-market mechanism, this extreme difference will trigger price-volatility and shortage of staple-food. This situation causes opportunity-losses for the stakeholders (producer, consumer, agent and government) in the staple-food distribution system. The government has got incurred losses because the government cannot achieve food-security for the households. The government has several price stabilization policies; one of them is market intervention policy by using buffer stock schemes to stabilize price and to reduce losses for the stakeholders. The objective of this research is to determine the buffer stock schemes required for market-intervention program. In the previous researches, the buffer stock models have been developed separately based on optimization and econometrics methods. Optimizations methods have been used to determine the level of availability with schemes consist of time and quantity of buffer stock. Econometrics methods have been used to determine the equilibrium price by using the selling-price and the amount of buffer stock. In this research, the integration of optimization model (multi-objectives programming) and econometrics model are used to develop a buffer stock model with the decision variables that consist of quantity, time, and price. Key Words: Buffer Stock Model, Market-Intervention, Price-Stabilizatio

A Buffer Stocks Model for Stabilizing Price in Duopoly-Like Market

This paper presents the staple-food distribution problem in agro-industry. There is a great difference of staple-food supplies in the harvest-season and in the planting-season meanwhile the demand is relatively constant. This situation will trigger price-volatility and shortage of staple-food, and it causes opportunity-losses for the stakeholders (producer, consumer, wholesaler/trader, and the government). For stabilizing the price, the government has several stabilization policies; one of them is market-intervention policy by using buffer-stocks schemes. The market-intervention policy should be utilized for improving producer’s profit, for cutting consumer’s expenditure, and for sustaining wholesaler’s margin-profit by implementing price-support and price-stabilization. In duopoly-like market, we assume that there are only two market-players in the distribution system. The objective of this research is to determine the instruments for operating Market-Intervention Program which consist of the quantity, time, and price of the buffer-stocks schemes. The problem was solved using 3 approaches. First, a comparative cost/benefit analysis between free-market and intervention-market can be used to formulate the objective function of each stakeholders. Second, the integration of optimization model and econometrics model were use to develop the decision-variables subject to the expectation of stakeholders, the buffer-stocks requirement, and the dynamics price equilibrium properties. Third, model market with Inventory was applied for solving the market-price equilibrium. The result could be used to analyze such the staple-food distribution system, incorporating the configuration of duo-producers, duo market-buyers, and duo-consumers. Keywords: buffer-stocks, duopoly-like market, market-intervention program, model market with inventory, and staple-food distribution system

Restructuring databases for knowledge discovery by consolidation and link formation

Databases often inaccurately identify entities of interest. Two operations, consolidation and link formation, which complement the usual machine learning techniques that use similarity-based clustering to discover classifications, are proposed as essential components of KDD systems for certain applications. Consolidation relates identifiers present in a database to a set of real world entities (RWE’s) which are not uniquely identified in the database. Consolidation may also be viewed as a transformation of representation from the identifiers present in the original database to the RWE’s. Link formation constructs structured relationships between consolidated RWE’s through identifiers and events explicitly represented in the database. Consolidation and link formation are easily implemented as index creation in relational database management systems. An operational knowledge discovery system identifies potential money laundering in a database of large cash transactions using consolidation and link formation

Synchronization of Huygens' clocks and the Poincare method

We study two models of connected pendulum clocks synchronizing their oscillations, a phenomenon originally observed by Huygens. The oscillation angles are assumed to be small so that the pendulums are modeled by harmonic oscillators, clock escapements are modeled by the van der Pol terms. The mass ratio of the pendulum bobs to their casings is taken as a small parameter. Analytic conditions for existence and stability of synchronization regimes, and analytic expressions for their stable amplitudes and period corrections are derived using the Poincare theorem on existence of periodic solutions in autonomous quasi-linear systems. The anti-phase regime always exists and is stable under variation of the system parameters. The in-phase regime may exist and be stable, exist and be unstable, or not exist at all depending on parameter values. As the damping in the frame connecting the clocks is increased the in-phase stable amplitude and period are decreasing until the regime first destabilizes and then disappears. The results are most complete for the traditional three degrees of freedom model, where the clock casings and the frame are consolidated into a single mass.Comment: 23 pages, 8 figure

PERTENTANGAN TERHADAP PASAL 167 AYAT (3) UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 13 TAHUN 2003 TENTANG KETENAGAKERJAAN TERKAIT DENGAN PEMBAYAR PESANGON DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN UANG PENSIUN BERDASARKAN KEPASTIAN HUKUM

Keterlibatan negara dalam bidang ekonomi secara nasional dilaksanakan melalui kebijakan-kebijakan tertentu, salah satunya adalah kebijakan dalam bidang ketenagakerjaan. Perhatian pemerintah yang dituangkan dalam ketentuan itu adalah pemberian pesangon bagi karyawan yang berhenti bekerja karena pemutusan hubungan kerja. Dalam hal terjadi pemutusan hubungan kerja, pengusaha atau pemberi kerja diwajibkan untuk membayar sejumlah uang pesangon dan atau uang penghargaan masa kerja dan uang penggantian hak yang seharusnya diterima karyawan. Di sisi lain pemerintah juga memperhatikan nasib karyawan setelah tidak bekerja lagi karena mencapai usia tertentu. Dalam rangka memberikan kesinambungan penghasilan setelah purna bakti dan memberikan ketenangan bekerja Dana Pensiun. Namun dalam pelaksanaan terkadang timbul konflik antara pekerja dengan pengusaha atau perusahaan. Seperti yang terjadi dalam pelaksanaan pembayaran pesangon dengan menggunakan uang pensiun terhadap pensiunan BRI. Penelitian ini mengambil rumusan masalah mengenai pertentangan hukum dan penyelesaian terhadap Pasal 167 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan terkait pembayar pesangon. Penelitian ini menggunakan spesifikasi penelitian bersifat deskriptif analitis, metode pendekatan menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif yaitu hukum dikonsepsikan sebagai norma, kaidah, asas, dogma, ataupun dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, tahapan penelitian kepustakaan (library research) mencari konsep/teori-teori yang berhubungan dengan permasalahan dan penelitian lapangan (field research) untuk memperoleh data primer dan analisis data secara yuridis kualitatif. Yuridis karena penelitian ini bertitik tolak dari peraturan-peraturan yang ada sebagai hukum positif dan kualitatif karena analisis data bertitik tolak pada usaha-usaha penemuan asas-asas dan informasi Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan pembayaran pesangon dengan menggunakan uang pensiun sebagaimana diatur pada Pasal 167 ayat (3) UndangUndang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 bertentangan dengan Pasal 156 ayat (1), Pasal 6 Undang-Undang Nomor 13 tentang Ketenagakerjaan dan dengan Pasal 20 ayat (1), ayat (2), Pasal 42 ayat (2) dan Pasal 31 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 1992 tentang Dana Pensiun. Sedangkan untuk menyelesaikan permasalah terhadap Pasal 167 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan demi memenuhi rasa keadilan dan kepastian hukum bagi seluruh pekerja maka perlu dilakukan baik melalui penyempurnaan peraturan perundangan maupun kebijakan lain. Penyempurnaan peraturan perundangan misalnya bisa mengajukan permohonan Judicial Review ke Mahkamah Konstitusi. Selain itu, dapat membentuk Peraturan Pemerintah sepanjang hal itu merupakan pelaksanaan lebih lanjut dari UndangUndang tersebut. Kata Kunci: Pembayaran Pesangon, Dana Pensiun, Kepastian Huku