Başlangıcından Günümüze Rık'a Hattı

İslâm yazıları arasında yer alan Rık’a, aklâm-ı sitte’den hayli sonra Osmanlıların icâdı ile ortaya çıkmış bir yazıdır. Seri ve kolay yazılmaya müsait bir yazı olması bakımından XVIII. asırdan itibaren resmî yazışmalarda, mektup, müsvedde ve matbu‘atta çokça tercih edilmiştir. Ayrıca XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren taşa mahkûk eserlerde de kendini gösteren rık’a, celî olarak da kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Diğer hat nevilerine nazaran sanat yazısı olarak addedilmeyen rık’anın, bilhassa celîsi hatrı sayılır bir ifade gücüne sahiptir. Günümüzde, yeni denemeler ve çalışmalar yapılarak levha sanatında da kullanılır hale gelen bu yazı yeniden ihya edilme yolundadır. Başlangıcından günümüze rık’a hattının serüvenini konu aldığımız bu çalışma ile evvela rık’anın daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi ve tanıtılması amaçlanmıştır. Resmî ve husûsî arşivlerden derlenen örnekler ve rık’anın kullanım alanları incelenerek bu yazının nasıl bir gelişim gösterdiği kronolojik olarak ele alınmıştır.Ruqʿah, which is among Islamic scripts, is a script that emerged with the invention of the Ottomans well after the six traditional arabic scripts (al-aqlām al-sittah). It is widely preffered in official correspondance, letters, drafts and printed publications since XVIII. century because of being appropriate to be written easily and rapidly. Additionally, ruq’ah, which has been seen on artifacts that sculpted on stones since XIX. century, is also started to be used as jali. Ruqʿah, which is not regarded as an art script beside (compared to) other Islamic scripts, has a considerable power of expression, especially its jali ones. Nowadays, this script which is started to be used in plate art by making new trials and works, is again on the way to revive. The primary aim of this work, in which we handled the adventure of the ruq’ah script from the beginning to the present, is to introduce ruq’ah and to provide a better understanding of it. The development of this script discussed in chronological order by examining the usage areas of ruqʿah and the text samples collected from the official and private archives

Postoperative Radiotherapy in Rectal Cancer: Longterm Results of 290 Patients

WOS: 000286564100019PubMed ID: 21410039Background/Aims: To evaluate treatment results and to identify prognostic factors affecting local-relapse-free (LRFS), disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients treated with postoperative radiotherapy (RT) for rectal cancer. Methodology: A retrospective review was performed in 290 patients treated between January 1990 and December 2005. Median RT dose was 54 Gy. A total of 220 (75.8%) patients also received 5-fluorouracil based chemotherapy. Results: During a median follow-up of 56 months (range 9-216 months), 68 patients (23.4%) developed local recurrence and 96 patients (33.1%) developed distant metastases. Five-year LRFS, DFS, and OS rates were 74.6%, 52.6%, and 53.7%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, significant prognostic factors for LRFS were age, pathologic T stage (pT), and distance from anal verge; for DFS were pT stage, and positive surgical margin; for OS were pT and pathologic N (pN) stages. One hundred and fifty-two node-positive patients whose number of retrieved and metastatic nodes are known were evaluated according to the lymph node ratio (LNR). OS and DFS rates significantly decreased with increasing LNR (p=0.005, and p=0.023 respectively). RT related Grade 3-4 late morbidity rate was 3.1%. A second primary malignancy developed in 4.8% of patients. Conclusion: Among several prognostic factors, pT stage significantly predicted for LRFS, DFS and OS on multivariate analysis, while pN stage was significant for all three only on univariate analysis. LNR which affected DFS and OS could be an important tool for prognostic prediction for node-positive patients

Radiosensitization of HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines with trastuzumab

49th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Clinical-Oncology (ASCO) -- MAY 31-JUN 04, 2013 -- Chicago, ILWOS: 000335419603139Amer Soc Clin Onco

Radiosensitization of HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines with trastuzumab.

e11501 Background: HER2 is a member of the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family that is blocked by a monoclonal antibody, Trastuzumab (Herceptin). In daily clinical practice, Trastuzumab is being used concurrently with radiotherapy (RT) in breast cancer patients. Administration of Trastuzumab with RT appear to be safe in regard to cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients with relatively modest follow-up duration (less than 5 years). In this study we aimed to determine the possible interactions between RT and Trastuzumab in HER2 positive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-453. Methods: MDA-MB-453 cells were treated with increased dose of Trastuzumab (10 – 200 µg/mL, 72 hours) and irradiation (0-8 Gy, 4 Gy/min, 48 hours). XTT (Roche) viability assay was used to measure the cytotoxicity of Trastuzumab, and trypan blue method was used to measure the cytotoxicity of irradiation. The sensitization of MDA-MB-453 cell lines was done by IC50 of Trastuzumab with 24 hours treatment followed by 6 and 8 Gy irradiation. Results: Cytotoxicity was increased in a dose and time dependent manner by Trastuzumab and irradiation treatment in MDA-MB-453 cell lines. IC50 values of Trastuzumab and irradiation were found to be 167 µg/mL and 8 Gy, at 48 hours, respectively.Cells were pretreated with IC25 and IC50 doses of Trastuzumab for 24 hours and then irradiated with 6 and 8 Gy doses. The cell viability at 24 and 48 hours were significantly decreased (p=0.0012) compared to single exposures (Trastuzumab or irradiation), indicating that Trastuzumab sensitizes HER2 positive breast cancer cells to irradiation. Conclusions: This preliminary study showed the sensitization effect of Trastuzumab to irradiation in HER2 positive breast cancer cells. Further studies are warranted for the optimal dosing and normal tissue toxicity of this combination. </jats:p