Some Bad News is Good News for Foreign Investors: The Case of Intellectual Property Rights Infringement in China

Despite China's attractiveness to foreign investors, intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in China has not caught up with international standards. This research aims to quantify the relationships between IPR violations, government effectiveness, and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in the context of China. Our econometric modeling and estimation based on provincial level data over 2002‐2012 show that in an early development stage of law and regulatory enforcement, the bad news of a rising number of IPR dispute cases signals the good news of an improvement in law and regulatory enforcement, which encourages IPR owners to raise legal cases. By contrast, in the later development stage, when law and regulatory enforcement has become much more effective, the bad news of a rising number of IPR disputes manifests itself as very bad news. Furthermore, this study confirms that FDI inflows enhance IPR protection through improving government effectiveness, and government effectiveness is one of the key factors promoting FDIs

Ruta Sepetys Josette Frank Award 2023 Acceptance Speech

Author Ruta Sepetys wins the Josette Frank Award (for older readers) 2023 for I Must Betray You from Bank Street College Children\u27s Book Committee. The Josette Frank Award This award for fiction honors a book or books of outstanding literary merit in which children or young people deal in a positive and realistic way with difficulties in their world and grow emotionally and morally. The award has been given annually since 1943. Josette Frank, the editor of anthologies for children, served for many years as the Executive Director of the Child Study Association of America of which this committee was a part.https://educate.bankstreet.edu/cbc_awards/1010/thumbnail.jp

Assisted Living

I wanted to tell a story from the point of view of a data entry worker, someone not typically considered when the advantages and disadvantages of eldercare technologies are being assessed. The worker, remotely located and unknown to the people she watches, offers a perspective that points out some of the strangeness of watching from a distance a living person being injured, struggling, or just needing human care and attention. As we move into more widespread use of eldercare technologies, it’s worth considering how surveillant and robotic technologies to support independent elder living could change our relationships with and sensitivity to older populations.</jats:p

Sources de tungsten dans le divertor et dans la chambre principale et contamination des plasmas dans le tokamak WEST

Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the contamination of magnetically confined hydrogen isotope plasmas by impurities is necessary toachieve sustainable and controlled operation of tokamaks. This is especially critical with heavy impurities such as tungsten (W), which are not fully ionized in the plasma core and are thus responsible for potentially large radiative losses. WEST –W Environment in Steady-state Tokamak - is designed to operate long plasma discharges thanks to its super-conducting coils, exposing plasma facingcomponents designed on the technology chosen for ITER. Optimal operation of these components requires to monitor tungsten sources and characterize how eroded tungsten atoms get transported across the scrape off layer into the confined plasma. One of the key questions is to identify the sources driving the contamination, so as to allow scenario optimizations to reduce W ingress in the core. In this work, we rely on spectroscopic measurements in visible and VUV spectral ranges to characterize impurities in WEST plasmas, and useseveral modeling codes (Soledge2D-EIRENE and ERO2.0) to investigate the consistency of available experimental data from various diagnostics (probes, thermocouples, ... ). We make use of spectral line intensities, but also present a detailed study of the line shape of neutral tungsten lines. A Monte Carlo code was specifically developed to simulate how spectral line shape would change with plasma parameters and modeling assumptions. We show that the spectral line shape analysis, when coupled with other diagnostics, can yield information about basic plasma parameters (average incident ion charge, electron and ion temperatures). The model indicates that the line shape is ore sensitive to the change of plasma parameters than the line shift. Together with visible and VUV spectroscopy the parameters obtained from line shape analysis can help constraining the Soledge2D-EIRENE simulations therefore providing more reliable simulation results. However, line shape measurements for tungsten in the visible requires a high resolution spectrometer (with a resolving power of about 400000), which is not currently available on WEST. In order to better understand W contamination pathways, this work presents the first attempts to model WEST plasmas using the ERO2.0 code. The latter uses Soledge2D-EIRENE generated background plasmas as an input, where the radial transport is adjusted so that the plasma background is consistent with available diagnostics. Tungsten transport is then followed kinetically and in the trace approximation on this background allows tofully resolve particle orbits in 3D. This tool allows one to generate poloidal distribution maps of eroded W particles and investigate how different sourceareas (antenna limiter, lower divertor, etc.) influence the poloidal W density field. ERO2.0 simulations were carried out with different wall elements "turned off" as impurity sources, therefore allowing to quantitatively determine the wall element contributing the most for the confined plasma contamination for a given scenario. This was performed for several radial diffusion coefficient values as it is known to significantly change the transport behavior in the scrape off layer. No relevant W line has been observed in the available VUV spectra, but molybdenum can be used as a proxy for W transport analysis. ERO2.0 calculations show a qualitative agreement with the experimental information on the location of Mo4+ emissions in the plasma.Afin d'assurer un fonctionnement contrôlé des tokamaks, il est nécessaire de comprendre les mécanismes responsables de la contamination du plasma confiné d'isotopes d'hydrogène par des impuretés. Ceci est particulièrement critique pour les impuretés lourdes telles que le tungstène (W), qui ne sont pas entièrement ionisées dans le coeur du plasma et peuvent donc être responsables de pertes radiatives importantes. WEST - W Environment in Steady-state Tokamak - est conçu pour produire des décharges longues, et exposer à ces décharges des composants de paroi de technologie identique à celle choisie pour ITER. Le fonctionnement optimal des décharges exige de surveiller les sources de tungstène et de caractériser comment les atomes de tungstène érodés sont transportés à travers les zones périphériques du plasma jusqu'au plasma confiné. L'une des questions clés est d'identifier les sources dominant la contamination, afin de permettre l'optimisation des scénarios pour réduire la quantité de tungstène présente dans le coeur. Dans ce travail, nous nous appuyons sur des mesures spectroscopiques dans les gammes spectrales visible et VUV pour caractériser les impuretés dans les plasmas de WEST, et utilisons plusieurs codes de modélisation (Soledge2DEIRENE et ERO2.0) pour étudier la cohérence des données expérimentales disponibles, provenant de divers diagnostics (sondes, thermocouples, ...). Nous utilisons l'intensité des raies, mais nous présentons également une étude détaillée des profils de raies de tungstène neutre. Un code Monte Carlo a été spécifiquement développé pour simuler ces profils de raies et mettre en évidence les effets des paramètres du plasma et des hypothèses de modélisation. Nous montrons que l'analyse spectrale des profils de raies, couplée à d'autres diagnostics, peut fournir des informations sur la charge ionique incidentemoyenne, et sur les températures ionique et électronique. La forme de la raie est plus sensible à des changements des paramètres plasma que le déplacement du centre de la raie. Les paramètres obtenus à partir de l'analyse de la forme de raie permettent de contraindre d'avantage les simulations Soledge2D-EIRENE et donc de fournir des résultats plus fiables. Cependant, la mesure du profil de raie du tungstène neutre dans le visible nécessite un spectromètre à haute résolution (avec un pouvoir de résolution d'environ 400 000), qui n'est pas disponible actuellement sur WEST. Afin de mieux comprendre les voies de contamination sur WEST, ce travail présente les premières modélisations à l'aide du code ERO2.0. Ce dernier utilise le plasma de fond généré par Soledge2D-EIRENE comme entrée, où le transport radial est ajusté de sorte que ce plasma calculé soit compatible avec les diagnostics disponibles. Le transport du tungstène est ensuite calculé dans une approche cinétique et dans l'approximation d'impureté trace, sur ce plasma de fond, en résolvant les trajectoires des particules en 3D. Cet outil permet de générer des cartes de distribution des particules de W érodées et d'étudier comment différents éléments de paroi (limiteur d'antenne, divertor bas, etc.) contribuent au champ de densité de W. Les simulations ERO2.0 ont été réalisées avec différents éléments de paroi "désactivés" en tant que sources d'impuretés, permettant ainsi de déterminer quantitativement l'élément de paroi contribuant le plus à la contamination du plasma confiné pour un scénario donné. Ceci a été effectué pour plusieurs valeurs du coefficient de diffusion radiale, car ce dernier est mal connu et peut changer de manière significative le transport dans les couches externes du plasma. Aucune raie du W pertinente n'a pu être observée dans les spectres VUV disponibles sur WEST, mais le molybdène peut être utilisé en première approximation pour l'analyse du transport du W. Les calculs ERO2.0 sont en accord qualitatifs avec les informations expérimentales disponibles sur la localisation de l'émission de l'ion Mo4+ dans le plasma

Sources de tungstène dans le divertor et dans la chambre principale et contamination des plasmas dans le tokamak WEST

Afin d'assurer un fonctionnement contrôlé des tokamaks, il est nécessaire de comprendre les mécanismes responsables de la contamination des plasmas de fusion magnétique par des impuretés. La préparation de l'exploitation d'ITER équipé d'un divertor en tungstène, exige de surveiller les sources de tungstène et de caractériser comment les atomes de tungstène érodés sont transportés à travers les zones périphériques. L'une des questions est d'identifier la localisation des sources qui dominent la contaminationDans ce travail, nous nous appuyons sur des mesures spectroscopiques dans les gammes spectrales visible et VUV pour caractériser les impuretés, et en particulier le tungstène, dans les plasmas de WEST. Nous avons étudié la cohérence des de ces mesures avec des données expérimentales provenant d'autres diagnostics (sondes, thermocouples). Nous utilisons l'intensité des raies, mais nous présentons également une étude détailée de la modélisation des profils de raies de tungstène neutreAfin de mieux comprendre les voies de contamination, des plasmas de WEST ont été modélisés à l'aide du code ERO2.0. Au début, le code Soledge2D-EIRENE(S2DE) modélise le plasma de fond, y compris une impureté légère générique, le transport radial étant ajusté sur les mesures disponibles. Après, ERO2.0 utilise le plasma de fond généré par S2DE comme entrée pour modéliser la distribution du W érodé et étudier comment les différents éléments de paroi influencent la distribution poloïdale de densité de tungstène. La probabilité de contamination des sources dues aux différents éléments de paroi a aussi été évaluée. Le rôle du divertor et des protections d'antenne est plus particulièrement discutéUnderstanding the mechanisms responsible for the contamination of magnetically confined plasmas by impurities is necessary to achieve sustainable and controlled operation of tokamaks. To prepare ITER operation with its tungsten divertor, it is necessary to monitor tungsten sources in present tokamaks and to characterize how eroded tungsten atoms get transported across the scrape off layer into the confined plasma. One of the questions is to identify the location of the sources driving the contamination.In this work, spectroscopic measurements in the visible and VUV spectral ranges were performed to characterize impurities, and particularly tungsten, in WEST plasmas. Their consistency with other available experimental data from various diagnostics (probes, thermocouples) was studied. We make use of spectral line intensities, but also present a modelling study of the line shape change of neutral tungsten lines at different plasma conditions.In order to better understand the W contamination pathways, WEST plasmas were modelled using the ERO2.0 code. First, as an input to ERO2.0, the Soledge2D-EIRENE code generated background plasmas including a generic light impurity, where radial transport is adjusted so that the plasma background is consistent with available diagnostics. In a second step, ERO2.0 uses the Soledge2D-EIRENE results as an input to generate the poloidal ion distributions of eroded tungsten and investigate how different source areas influence the poloidal tungsten density field. The contamination probability of the sources due to various wall elements was also evaluated. The role of the divertor and the antenna protection limiters are discussed in more detai

Co-Teaching: To what Extent does it Change Teachers' Perceived Efficacy in the Instruction of Students with Disabilities in a General Education Classroom?

This mixed method research investigates the extent of change in general and special education teachers’ perceived efficacy after co-teaching. The social cognitive theory of self-efficacy guides this study, which approaches teachers’ perceptions as an indicator of one’s ability to change or persist in behaviors, such as teaching. Using a quantitative and qualitative sequential design, this study uses survey methodology and small-scale follow-up interviews. The integrated findings illuminate the perceptions of teachers before and after co- teaching. The main conclusions are discussed with regard to existing literature on co-teaching. Overall, results indicate that there is an increase in teachers’ perception of their ability to instruct students with disabilities within the general education classroom after co-teaching. It appears that co-teaching may play a role in their ability to provide the appropriate instruction to students with disabilities in the general education classroom. In addition, this study concludes that although teachers perceive they are allotted more planning time as they co-teach, the lack of quality time may be negatively impacting the role of special educators in the co-taught classroom. This mixed method research investigates the extent of change in general and special education teachers’ perceived efficacy after co-teaching. The social cognitive theory of self-efficacy guides this study, which approaches teachers’ perceptions as an indicator of one’s ability to change or persist in behaviors, such as teaching. Using a quantitative and qualitative sequential design, this study uses survey methodology and small-scale follow-up interviews. The integrated findings illuminate the perceptions of teachers before and after co- teaching. The main conclusions are discussed with regard to existing literature on co-teaching. Overall, results indicate that there is an increase in teachers’ perception of their ability to instruct students with disabilities within the general education classroom after co-teaching. It appears that co-teaching may play a role in their ability to provide the appropriate instruction to students with disabilities in the general education classroom. In addition, this study concludes that although teachers perceive they are allotted more planning time as they co-teach, the lack of quality time may be negatively impacting the role of special educators in the co-taught classroom.Ed.D.College of Education, Health, and Human ServicesUniversity of Michigan-Dearbornhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/102512/1/Sepetys Peggy - Ed.D. Dissertation.pd