¿Cuán eficiente es el mapa de NBIs como instrumento para la focalización del gasto?

This paper is a contribution to the improvement of the social expenditure's focalization agenda. It focuses in government expenditures programs against poverty. To efficiently reach the goals, these programs must be included at the level of the universal and permanent programs. Once included these programs could provide a minimum set of equality opportunities, securing adequate nutrition, health, education, justice and housing services. After a critical survey on methods of poverty measurement, we propose a New Poverty Map, which could be used to efficiently allocate government resources. This takes into account the consumption needs of the population, income inequality, and the severity of the poverty. In our results we emphasize that people participation is a key element favoring the communities’ development, the deepening of the democratic system and the strengthening of the accountability processes.El propósito de este artículo es contribuir a la mejora de los procesos de focalización del gasto social, en particular de aquellos gastos de inversión social que ejecuta el gobierno a través de los programas de lucha contra la pobreza, los mismos que sólo serán eficaces si se enmarcan eficientemente dentro de los programas permanentes y de carácter universal que permiten sentar un piso mínimo de igualdad de oportunidades, garantizando el acceso a servicios de calidad adecuada en nutrición, salud, educación, justicia y vivienda básicas. Luego de analizar aspectos tales como los diferentes métodos de medición de pobreza y lo que dicen e ignoran los indicadores más usados, se propone un nuevo instrumento de asignación de recursos sobre la base de la construcción de un Nuevo Mapa de Pobreza que tome en cuenta los déficit de consumo de la población, los niveles de desigualdad y el grado de severidad de la pobreza que afrontan. Asimismo, se destaca la importancia de la participación de la población beneficiaria como elemento clave para el propio proceso de desarrollo de las comunidades y la profundización del sistema democrático a través del fortalecimiento de las capacidades de 'accountability' por parte de la sociedad civil

KEBIJAKAN PIDANA DALAM PENANGGULANGAN TINDAK PIDANA CARDING MENURUT KETENTUAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2008 SEBAGAIMANA TELAH DIUBAH DENGAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 19 TAHUN 2016 TENTANG INFORMASI DAN TRANSAKSI ELEKTRONIK

ABSTRAKRYAN SHACK SYAH, 2018 Dr. Dahlan Ali, S.H., M.HumPerkembangan teknologi dan internet dewasa ini tidak selalu memberikan efek terhadap hal-hal yang positif. namun juga terdapat hal-hal negatif yang memberikan efek samping walaupun disatu sisi banyak manfaat yang diperoleh namun juga tidak menutup kemungkinan banyak menyebabkan munculnya jenis kejahatan-kejahatan baru, yaitu dengan memanfaatkan komputer sebagai modus operandi seperti halnya kejahatan carding (pencurian data kartu kredit) yang merupakan salah satu jenis kejahatan di dunia cybercrime. Hilangnya batas ruang dan waktu di dunia maya mengubah segala hal yang terdapat didalamnya. Seorang Carder dapat masuk ke sebuah server tanpa izin (unauthorized access). Tujuannya ialah untuk mendapatkan barang tanpa harus membayar atau untuk mendapatkan dana yang tidak sah dari akun kartu kredit milik orang lain.Permasalahan yang muncul adalah faktor apa yang dapat menyebabkan seseorang menyalahgunakan komputer untuk melakukan suatu kejahatan carding serta bagaimana kebijakan pidana dalam penanggulangan kejahatan carding, karena pada dasarnya peraturan perundang-undangan di indonesia belum sepenuhnya mampu mengatasi persoalan terkait kejahatan tersebut atau dengan kata lain terdapat suatu kekosongan hukumPenelitian ini merupakan penelitian normatif yang menggunakan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach) serta pendekatan perundang-undangan (statue approach) yang dimana akan mencoba menelaah asas-asas hukum internasional yang terdapat di dalam Council of Europe - Convention on Cybercrime dan UU ITE. Berdasarkan metode yang digunakan tentang penyebab seseorang melakukan kejahatan dapat menggunakan pendekatan melalui beberapa teori-teori menurut para ahli. Meskipun bersifat abstraks, teori diperlukan untuk mengkaji mengapa ada manusia yang melakukan suatu kejahatan dan melanggar hukum. Selain itu dengan metode yang digunakan, maka dapat diketahui kejahatan carding merupakan kejahatan transnasional dan untuk mencegahnya diperlukan penerapan yurisdiksi ekstrateritorial yang didampingi dengan perjanjian internasional yaitu Council of Europe - Convention on Cybercrime dan menambahkan beberapa pasal yang sebelumnya tidak diatur di dalam UU ITE sesuai dengan ketentuan konvensi tersebut

Study of an instrument for sensing errors in a telescope wavefront

Focal plane sensors for determining the error in a telescope wavefront were investigated. The construction of three candidate test instruments and their evaluation in terms of small wavefront error aberration measurements are described. A laboratory wavefront simulator was designed and fabricated to evaluate the test instruments. The laboratory wavefront error simulator was used to evaluate three tests; a Hartmann test, a polarization shearing interferometer test, and an interferometric Zernike test

The design, construction and testing of the optics for a 147-cm-aperture telescope

Geodetic optics research for the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (AFCRL) is described. The work consisted mainly of the fabrication of the optical components for a telescope with a 152-cm-diam (60-in.) primary mirror masked down to 147-cm-diam for use by the AFCRL for a lunar ranging experiment. Among the achievements of this contract were the following: completion of the primary and secondary mirrors for a high-quality 147-cm-diam telescope system in eight months from the start of edging the primary; manufacture and testing of a unique center mount for the primary according to an AFCRL design that allowed for a thin-edged and therefore less-massive mirror; and development of a quantitative analysis of the wire test for calculating the departure of the mirror figure from the design figure quickly and accurately after each polishing step. This analysis method in conjunction with a knowledge of polishing rates for given weights and diameters of tools, mirror, and polishing materials should considerably reduce the polishing time required for future large mirrors

Optical Tests of a 3.7-m diameter Liquid Mirror: Behavior under External Perturbations

We have built and tested a 3.7-m diameter liquid mirror that rotates on a ball bearing. We have carried out extensive optical tests. We find that although the ball bearing has a poor quality, the quality of the mirror, with mercury layers 1-mm thick, is surprisingly good. Taken at face values the instantaneous Strehl ratios indicate a mirror, that is not quite diffraction limited but usable for astronomical applications. However, the large coning error of the bearing (1.5 arcseconds P-V) induces an excessive wobble, considerably worsening the time averaged PSF. The most interesting result of the interferometry is that we do not see any evidence of the strong astigmatism that may have been expected from Coriolis forces.Comment: PDF format, 34 pages, 12 figures, (some figures reduced, full size figures in Applied Optics, Vol. 39, No 36, 5651

Beyond Money and Grantmaking: The Emerging Role of Community Foundations

Content pending

NASA Perspective and Modeling of Thermal Runaway Propagation Mitigation in Aerospace Batteries

NASA has traditionally sought to reduce the likelihood of a single cell thermal runaway (TR) in their aerospace batteries to an absolute minimum by employing rigorous screening program of the cells. There was generally a belief that TR propagation resulting in catastrophic failure of the battery was a forgone conclusion for densely packed aerospace lithium-ion batteries. As it turns out, this may not be the case. An increasing number of purportedly TR propagation-resistant batteries are appearing among NASA partners in the commercial sector and the Department of Defense. In the recent update of the battery safety standard (JSC 20793) to address this paradigm shift, the NASA community included requirements for assessing TR severity and identifying simple, low-cost severity reduction measures. Unfortunately, there are no best-practice guidelines for this work in the Agency, so the first project team attempting to meet these requirements would have an undue burden placed upon them. A NASA engineering Safety Center (NESC) team set out to perform pathfinding activities for meeting those requirements. This presentation will provide contextual background to this effort, as well as initial results in attempting to model and simulate TR heat transfer and propagation within battery designs

Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics images of the Trapezium Cluster

Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) combines the advantages of standard adaptive optics, which provides high contrast and high spatial resolution, and of wide field ~1' imaging. Up to recently, MCAO for astronomy was limited to laboratory experiments. In this paper, we present the first scientific results obtained with the first MCAO instrument put on the sky. We present a new study of the Trapezium cluster using deep MCAO images with a field of view of 1'x1' obtained at the VLT. We have used deep J, H and Ks images recently obtained with the prototype MCAO facility MAD at the VLT in order to search for new members and new multiple systems in the Trapezium cluster. On bright targets (Ks~9mag), these images allow us to reach DeltaKs~6mag as close as 0.4" We report the detection of 128 sources, including 10 new faint objects in the magnitude range between 16.1<Ks<17.9mag. In addition to all previously known multiple systems with separations greater than 0.1", we confirm the multiplicity of TCC-055. We also report the detection in J, H and Ks of a very red extended embedded protostellar object, HC419, previously detected in the thermal infrared only. The analysis of the first MCAO images obtained on the sky demonstrates not only the technical feasibility of MCAO but also its great potential and versatility in terms of scientific outputs.Comment: High resolution version available on http://arrakeen.free.fr/pub/madorion.pdf Accepted 25 Sep. 2007 for publication in A&A, 14 pages, 11 figure