Expression and Functional Evaluation of Biopharmaceuticals Made in Plant Chloroplasts

After approval of the first plant-made biopharmaceutical by FDA for human use, many protein drugs are now in clinical development. Within the last decade, significant advances have been made in expression of heterologous complex/large proteins in chloroplasts of edible plants using codon optimized human or viral genes. Furthermore, advances in quantification enable determination of in-planta drug dosage. Oral delivery of plastid-made biopharmaceuticals (PMB) is affordable because it eliminates prohibitively expensive fermentation, purification processes addressing major challenges of short shelf-life after cold storage. In this review, we discuss recent advances in PMBs against metabolic, inherited or infectious diseases, and also mechanisms of post-translational modifications (PTM) in order to increase our understanding of functional PMBs

Expression and Functional Evaluation of Biopharmaceuticals Made in Plant Chloroplasts

After approval of the first plant-made biopharmaceutical by FDA for human use, many protein drugs are now in clinical development. Within the last decade, significant advances have been made in expression of heterologous complex/large proteins in chloroplasts of edible plants using codon optimized human or viral genes. Furthermore, advances in quantification enable determination of in-planta drug dosage. Oral delivery of plastid-made biopharmaceuticals (PMB) is affordable because it eliminates prohibitively expensive fermentation, purification processes addressing major challenges of short shelf-life after cold storage. In this review, we discuss recent advances in PMBs against metabolic, inherited or infectious diseases, and also mechanisms of post-translational modifications (PTM) in order to increase our understanding of functional PMBs

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR DETECTING FRAUDULENT TRANSACTIONS THROUGH PAYMENT CARD

The aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method (500) and a system (122) for detecting fraudulent transactions through payment card (102). The method (500) initiates with collecting and storing a set of data associated with card holding patterns of a card holder (106) using a smart chip (202) of the payment card (102). The set of data is transmitted from a smart chip (202) to a POS terminal (110) and forwarded to a payment processor (112). The payment processor (112) compares the set of data with historical data to identify a change in the card holding pattern when the payment card (102) is presented at the POS terminal (110)

Marburg virus: an emerging global threat

Marburg virus disease is a rare, but severe illness caused by highly pathogenic Marburg virus, a member of the Filoviridae family. The virus was first identified in 1967 in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany, as well as Belgrade, Serbia. Since then, sporadic outbreaks have been reported in Central and East Africa. The fruit bats of the genus Rousettus are the major reservoir for the virus. The largest recorded outbreak occurred in Angola in 2005, with 374 cases and 329 deaths, resulting in a mortality rate of approximately 88%, underscoring this virus's potential for causing a devastating impact. Historically, the Marburg virus has received less attention compared to the Ebola virus. However, the geographical expansion of this virus in new regions such as Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, and Tanzania highlights its growing threat. The sporadic outbreaks of this deadly pathogen necessitate continued investment in research, surveillance, and public health preparedness to mitigate the impact of this virus on global health security. This review is intended to provide an overview of our current knowledge of the Marburg virus, which is crucial for the development of Marburg virus countermeasures

Numerical evolution of Maxwell's equations for wavefronts propagating through a spherical gravitational potential

We present a scheme for numerically solving Maxwell's equations in a weakly perturbed spacetime without introducing the usual geometric optics approximation. Using this scheme, we study light propagation through a spherical perturbation of a stationary metric in the linear limit. Going beyond geometric approximation allows us to explore the wave optics effects that occur when the wavefront propagates through the gravitational potential. We find that the wavefront breaks on the gravitational potential due to the Shapiro time delay, i.e., due to the slowing down of light when propagating in an inhomogeneous spacetime. This again leads to constructive interference, resulting in a persistent frequency dependent amplification of parts of the wave amplitude. When the wave length is shorter than a certain threshold set by the induced gravitational mass, the waves are reflected on the curvature gradient.</p

Role of Pattern Practices in Teaching Mother Tongue at School Level

The school curriculum maintains the quality learning through various innovative methods of language teaching; it comprises the practices usually followed for the betterment of students who are expected to understand the basic knowledge of their mother tongue. To ensures the quality of such valuable practices the students are made to learn how to write and speak making use of these practices in an acquisition rich atmosphere. The school education department of Tamilnadu has made it mandatory that every student at primary level must have the fluency in reading and writing, and the expected capability of using their mother tongue before they enter the middle school. It is a highly challenging task for the teachers teaching mother tongue to make the students master their language skills, particularly that of reading and writing. The role of pattern practice is mainly to focus on teaching mother tongue with creative method and make the students learn the mother tongue easily adhering to the precepts of school curriculum. In this way, designing syllabus requires a huge change in ensuring the effective teaching of mother tongue at primary level. When we follow the simple pattern practices in teaching mother tongue at school level, the constructive and promising results are quite discernible. Pattern practice teaching comprises the basic language and grammatical structures through which the students manifest substantial capability in reading and writing skills

Smart heart disease prediction and amalgamation tracking system

In this modern world, cardiovascular disease stands as the leading cause of global mortality. To combat this alarming trend and prevent the devastating loss of lives, an innovative solution that focus on reliability, accuracy, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. This work proposes a system that utilizes an artificial intelligence processor (LSAI48266X) and an IoT device to transfer data from sensors such as the Mach30100 and DS18B20. The system aims to track, visualize, and forecast heart disease. Random Forest is a machine learning algorithm that predicts cardiac illness based on numerous parameters such as SpO2, heartbeat, temperature, and blood pressure. Web application is developed using PHP that displays hospital details and integrated with a Telegram chatbot for communication during emergency conditions. Compared to earlier methods, our proposed system distinguishes itself with an impressive accuracy rate of 95.6% and automation system to prevent loss of human life by incorporating the Random Forest Algorithm and tracking system

Open time and extrudability performance analysis of 3D printed concrete with recycled concrete fine aggregates using rheological and computer vision techniques

This study examines the open time and extrudability performance of 3D-printed concrete elements using recycled concrete fine aggregates (RCFA). It emphasizes the importance of fresh state properties like extrudability and open time, which are crucial for the quality of 3D-printed structures. The study introduces a novel methodology that uses conventional rheological tests and computer vision techniques to assess these properties. The rheometer tests give the understanding of the evolution of material stiffness before the printing process and the computer vision technique gives an understanding of temporal extrudability changes during the printing process. The results from both studies show a similar trend in the evolution of material stiffness, signifying the importance of combined test results in analyzing the 3D-printing concrete

Expression and Functional Evaluation of Recombinant Anti-receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand Monoclonal Antibody Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana

Denosumab, an anti-receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand antibody (anti-RANKL), is a fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb) available for the treatment of osteoporosis. In the present study, an anti-RANKL mAb was transiently expressed using the geminiviral expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana, and the functional activity of the plant-produced mAb was determined. The highest expression level of the plant-produced mAb was found at 8 days post-infiltration, and it was estimated to be 0.5 mg/g leaf fresh weight. The recombinant mAb from the plant crude extracts was purified by using Protein A affinity column chromatography. The plant-produced mAb demonstrated good in vitro affinity binding with human RANKL, as determined by RANKL-ELISA binding. The function of the plant-produced mAb was evaluated in vitro. CD14-positive cells isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured in vitro in the presence of human RANKL and macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) to stimulate osteoclastogenesis. The results demonstrated that plant-produced mAb could significantly decrease the number of osteoclasts compared to commercial denosumab. These results demonstrated that the plant-produced mAb has the potential to inhibit osteoclast differentiation and that it could be considered for osteoporosis treatment