Comprehensive analysis of the chromatin landscape in Drosophila melanogaster.

Chromatin is composed of DNA and a variety of modified histones and non-histone proteins, which have an impact on cell differentiation, gene regulation and other key cellular processes. Here we present a genome-wide chromatin landscape for Drosophila melanogaster based on eighteen histone modifications, summarized by nine prevalent combinatorial patterns. Integrative analysis with other data (non-histone chromatin proteins, DNase I hypersensitivity, GRO-Seq reads produced by engaged polymerase, short/long RNA products) reveals discrete characteristics of chromosomes, genes, regulatory elements and other functional domains. We find that active genes display distinct chromatin signatures that are correlated with disparate gene lengths, exon patterns, regulatory functions and genomic contexts. We also demonstrate a diversity of signatures among Polycomb targets that include a subset with paused polymerase. This systematic profiling and integrative analysis of chromatin signatures provides insights into how genomic elements are regulated, and will serve as a resource for future experimental investigations of genome structure and function

Examining Healthcare Institutions by Bringing Qualitative Data from Two Eras into Empirical Dialogue

In this paper, we argue that there is new insight to be gained by reexamining the classic text, Boys in White, in strategic ways. Specifically, we share excerpts from Boys in White with current medical students and ask for their reactions in qualitative interviews, examining the relevance (or lack thereof) of earlier meanings about professional training for current processes of professional training. We show how we have employed this technique in our current project revisiting Boys in White with current medical students, and discuss preliminary findings that reveal the potential of this technique for documenting evidence of macro-level forces in healthcare institutions using qualitative data on new doctors. We conclude with discussion of alternative approaches through which scholars could make use of this technique in future professional socialization scholarship that could shed light on dynamics of institutional persistence and change

Tanaostigmodes cajaninae Promotes Pod Growth in Pigeonpea

Different observations on the effect of T. cajaninae infestation on pigeon pea pod development are briefly discussed

Arthropod Natural Enemies of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in India

Helicoverpa armigera Hubner Lepidoptera: Noctuidae is one of the most serious insect pests in the Old World. In India, it causes substantial losses to legume, fibre, cereal oilseed and vegetable crops. This paper reviews the literature on the biology, ecology, efficacy, rearing and augmentation of endemic parasitoids and predators, as well as exotic parasitoids introduced and released in India. It also provides updated lists of H. armigera natural enemies native to India. In addition, reports of augmentative releases of Trichogramma spp., the most extensively studied natural enemy of H. armigera are summarized

A Braconidae Parasite (Bracon sp. near celer Szepligeti) on Pigeonpea Pod Fly (Melanagromyza chalcosoma Spencer) in Farmers' Fields in Southern and Eastern Africa

The incidence and distribution of Bracon sp. near B. celer, a parasitoid of Melanagromyza chalcosoma, were assessed in major pigeon pea-growing areas in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda, during 1995 and 1996. Populations of M. chalcosoma were greatest in Kenya and infestations were high in areas where the crop matured late in the season or in cool weather. Areas near the coast at <500 m altitude had insignificant populations of M. chalcosoma and no parasitoids were recorded. As the pest population increased, the incidence of the parasitoid also increased. Mean parasitism rates were recorded as 5.2, 2.6, 3.0 and 2.3% for Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda, respectively.It is concluded that B. celer is widespread and could contribute to the management of M. chalcosoma on pigeon peas

Physical And Chemical Basis Of Resistance To Insects In Wild Pigeonpea

Plgconpca, Cnjnnus cnjan (L.) Millspaugh, an imponant sowce )of high-quailly dictary prolein in the semiarid tropics (Re& el al.. 1981) is altacked by more than 2W species of inxcr ;xsu (Lalcef and Rccd, 1990) which cause yield losses up lo US$ 420 million (ICRISAT. 1992). Helicoverpa armigera is onc of lhc major primary yicid conslrainrs (Latsf and Pimbcn. 1991) besides Marucn icstulnlis, Mclonagromyza obrusq and CIavigraIla spp. So fu. PO..............

Identification and Management of Pigeonpea and Chickpea Insect Pests in Asia

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) are important grain legumes in Asia. These crops are often heavily damaged by insect pests. Farmers in many areas apply insecticides in an attempt to manage these pests. This bulletin provides descriptions of the most common species, their biology, distribution, and damage symptoms. Color photographs are provided for easy identification. Possible modes of control are also included with an emphasis on integrated pest management and reduced reliance on insecticides

Biology and field performance of Gryon clavigrallae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), an egg parasitoid of Clavigralla spp. (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in India

The biology and impact of Gryon clavigrallae Mineo, an egg parasitoid of Clavigralla scutellaris Spinola and C. gibbosa (Westwood), was investigated. The calculated developmental threshold temperatures for females and males were 15.6°C and 15.8°C, respectively. Emergence exceeded 94% at temperatures between 22 and 30°C. Adult females lived on average 28-96 days when fed with honey. Without food, adults lived <6 days. Mean fecundity was 56.4 eggs per female. A significant trend of lower fecundity after longer periods of host deprivation was observed. Gryon clavigrallae females successfully oviposited in host eggs of all ages though eggs <4 days old were preferred. Total host handling times were significantly longer on C. gibbosa eggs (23.5 min.) than on C. scutellaris eggs (12.0 min.). Females readily distinguished parasitized from non-parasitized host eggs. Superparasitism was observed when few or no unparasitized eggs were available. Eggs of the two Clavigralla species can be separated by surface structure and condition after eclosion. Clavigralla scutellaris laid significantly larger egg clusters than C. gibbosa (19.9 versus 10.5 eggs per cluster). Gryon clavigrallae was present as soon as the first Clavigralla spp. egg clusters were found on pigeonpea. The percentage of egg clusters parasitized increased early in the season with egg cluster density and remained high (up to 83%) despite fluctuations in host density. Overall, G. clavigrallae parasitized 40 and 58% of C. gibbosa and C. scutellaris eggs. The percentage of egg clusters parasitized and the number of eggs parasitized per cluster increased significantly with egg cluster size. The overall parasitoid sex ratio was highly female biased but varied with the number of eggs parasitized per cluste