Expression of interleukin 2 receptors on activated human B cells.

Using anti-Tac, a monoclonal anti-interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor antibody, we have explored the possibility that certain activated B cells display receptors for IL-2. Resting normal B cells and unselected B cell lines established from normal individuals were Tac antigen negative. In contrast, the cell surface Tac antigen expression was demonstrable on 6 of 10 B cell lines from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma, 5 of 6 B cell lines derived from patients with HTLV-I-associated adult T cell leukemia (including all four that had integrated HTLV-I into their genome), and on certain normal B cells activated with pokeweed mitogen. Furthermore, cloned Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cell lines derived from Tac-positive normal B cells continued to express the Tac antigen in long-term cultures and manifested high affinity IL-2 receptors identified in binding studies with purified radiolabeled IL-2. The line 5B4 developed in the present study could be induced with purified JURKAT-derived or recombinant IL-2 to express a larger number of IL-2 receptors. Furthermore, the addition of IL-2 to the 5B4 B cell line augmented IgM synthesis, which could be blocked by the addition of anti-Tac. The size of the IL-2 receptors expressed on the cloned normal B cell lines was similar (53,000-57,000 daltons) to that of receptors on phytohemagglutinin-stimulated T cell lymphoblasts. Thus, certain malignant and activated normal B cells display the Tac antigen and manifest high affinity receptors for IL-2. These data suggest that IL-2 may play a role in the differentiation of activated B cells into immunoglobulin-synthesizing and -secreting cells

Endoglin Is Essential for the Maintenance of Self-Renewal and Chemoresistance in Renal Cancer Stem Cells.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a deadly malignancy due to its tendency to metastasize and resistance to chemotherapy. Stem-like tumor cells often confer these aggressive behaviors. We discovered an endoglin (CD105)-expressing subpopulation in human RCC xenografts and patient samples with a greater capability to form spheres in vitro and tumors in mice at low dilutions than parental cells. Knockdown of CD105 by short hairpin RNA and CRISPR/cas9 reduced stemness markers and sphere-formation ability while accelerating senescence in vitro. Importantly, downregulation of CD105 significantly decreased the tumorigenicity and gemcitabine resistance. This loss of stem-like properties can be rescued by CDA, MYC, or NANOG, and CDA might act as a demethylase maintaining MYC and NANOG. In this study, we showed that Endoglin (CD105) expression not only demarcates a cancer stem cell subpopulation but also confers self-renewal ability and contributes to chemoresistance in RCC

Neuroanatomy Resources

This column will highlight several freely available online resources in neuroanatomy.The featured websites use images,video, animation, and more to create interactive aids for teaching and learning. Because neuroanatomy is a challenging component of all programs of study in medicine and in many allied fields,these resources will be useful for supplementation and self-study in a variety of settings

Going beyond colonialism? Historien om Grønland og Danmark (DR, 2022) – analysis of the docudrama series as a media text, compared with audience responses in Greenland

In 2022, the Danish national public service broadcaster DR produced a television series commemorating the 300th anniversary of the arrival of the priest Hans Egede in Greenland in 1721, a traditional marker of the beginning of Danish colonisation. Called Historien om Grønland og Danmark (The history of Greenland and Denmark, DR 2022), the series traces the “felles historie” (shared history) of the two countries over four episodes, ending with Denmark’s granting of Home Rule status to Greenland in 1979. The series uses the successful docudrama format DR created for Historien om Danmark (The history of Denmark, DR 2017). As a docudrama, Historien om Grønland og Danmark combines traditional elements of documentary narrative, such as archive footage and interviews with expert witnesses, with historical scenes dramatised by Greenlandic and Danish actors. Danish and Greenlandic audiences are targeted with DR’s ultimate intended message: according to Lisbeth Langwadt, DR programme manager responsible for the series, the history is retold to “go beyond colonialism”. The series was co-produced with the national broadcasters of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Greenland, while DR subsequently licensed the Historien om… format to multiple European broadcasters. This thesis takes two media studies approaches to DR's docudrama series Historien om Grønland og Danmark (2022). First, an analysis of the series shows how its representations of Greenlandic history, and the docudrama format, were designed to shape responses of audiences. Second, in Greenland, abductive research methods, grounded theory, and a public screening with discussion (plus a few one-to-one screenings/discussions), are used to gather audience responses to the series. In contrast to resident Danes and visitors to Greenland, Greenlanders actively responded to this series by using it to unlock personal memories as a means to affirm their Greenlandic identity. The dissonance between DR’s preferred readings, and the actual responses of Greenlanders, says much about DR’s intentions to “go beyond colonialism”. The results are analysed using a conceptual framework of tools from media studies: audience response theory, uses and gratifications theory, and binary opposition. The methodologies of abductive research and grounded theory from social sciences are underpinned by ethical frameworks from Indigenous studies. This examination of audience responses in Greenland, balanced against an exploration of DR’s intended readings of the series, will hopefully inspire new research concerning media representations of Greenlanders and other Inuit/Indigenous communities, particularly in documentaries. With Greenland a focus of international news in 2025, it is hoped this work will contribute to an understanding of broader media representations of Greenland, and their active, critical use by Greenlanders. Keywords: Greenland, history, Historien om Grønland og Danmark (2022 television series), DR (Danish broadcaster), KNR (Greenlandic broadcaster), docudrama, media studies, audience reception theory, uses and gratifications theory, binary opposites, abductive research, grounded theor

The Siege of Washington: The Untold Story of the Twelve Days That Shook the Union

Fresh Introspective into the First Days of the War John and Charles Lockwood present a meticulous treatment of the precarious fate of the nation’s capital during the critical twelve days in April of 1861 following the firing at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor and the arrival of Norther...

The FEV Frontend: A Terrain and Water Simulation Client

The FEV (Flood Emergency Visualizer) Frontend is a Java and OpenGL-based 3D vi- sualizer of flood simulation results in real-time. Simulations can be recomputed based on user-defined terrain edits made directly on the rendering surface. The frontend is the client software of the FEV system that includes a backend for solving water flow equations using CUDA. To render large datasets, level-of-detail and other optimizations are needed to render terrain and water surfaces with interactive frame rates

Library Marketing on a Small Liberal Arts Campus: Assessing Communication Preferences

As part of a newly created library marketing plan, librarians at the College of Wooster undertook a study of the communication preferences of students, faculty, and staff in early 2015. The results of the survey helped to develop a comprehensive picture of what library resources and services these constituencies are interested in learning about, as well as when, where, and how they prefer to learn about them. This article describes the development, distribution, results, and analysis of the survey, and highlights the importance of campus-specific library marketing practices