Dapagliflozin rescues endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cell death.

学位記番号：医博甲173

Economic Impacts of a New Road Network in San-En Region, Japan: A Spatial Computable General Equilibrium Model

In this paper, we aim to evaluate impacts of a new road network on the regional economy in San-en, Japan. San-en area is a boundary region between Aichi and Shizuoka Prefectures where the industrial sector is concentrated. The regional economy in San-en strongly depends on the regional transportation networks. Recently, a new road construction is planned in the region. The efficiency of road investment is expected for the regional economy. We construct a spatial computable general equilibrium model to evaluate the border economy. The spatial economic impacts of a new road construction are analyzed by the numerical simulation under several scenarios.

A Dynamic Rural-Urban-Natural Environment Interactive Spatial Model of Palangkaraya City in Indonesia

Permana and Miyata (2009) showed a partial equilibrium urban economic model to explain the existence of illegal settlements in flood prone areas in Palangkaraya City in Central Kalimantan Province, introducing the expected damage rate on household asset. Applying this new idea, one can derive the conclusion where the bid rents by low income households get higher than those by high income households in flood prone areas. This is the contrary conclusion being highlighted as compared with that in the traditional urban economics. Following this paper, Permana and Miyata (2009) extended the partial equilibrium model into a general equilibrium model. And then Permana and Miyata (2009) developed a two dimensional city model applying Miyata's achievement (2009). However the study region, Palangkaraya City and its surrounding area, shows a complicated interaction between natural environment and human activities. Therefore this article aims at developing a rural and urban economic model with natural environment considerably extending our previous literature

Evaluating the economic impacts of the technological innovation in the motor vehicle industry: The input-output approach

In this paper, the economic impacts of technological innovation, such as electric and hybrid vehicles, in the automobile industry in Japan are examined. The automobile industry has to develop environmentally friendly vehicles in the face of the global warming issue and the exhaustion problem of petroleum. The conventional automobiles with gasoline and diesel oil don't meet the demands of present age. The new generation automobiles will become popular for coming several decades. The industrial structure will be affected by the appearance of new generation automobile. Especially, since the Japanese economy strongly depends on the automobile industry, the appearance of technological innovation in the automobile industry has an influence on the other industries and the industrial regions where the automobile firms are concentrated. In this study, we explore the economic impacts of shifting the production system in the automobile industry from the conventional automobile technology to an electric and hybrid vehicle technology using the national and multiregional input-output models

Economic Impact of CO2 Emissions and Carbon Tax in Electric Vehicle Society in Toyohashi City in Japan

In this paper, we explore the economic impact of promotion and realization of an electric vehicle society (EVS) in Toyohashi City in Japan. More concretely, this paper emphasizes a computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling approach to evaluate the following issues: economic impacts of subsidies for promotion of an EVS, economic impacts of carbon tax for reducing CO2, industrial structure change towards an EVS, and modal shift occurring towards an EVS. Our simulation results demonstrate that after applying 5 ~ 25% up subsidies to five industries including electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing, EV transport, solar power, cogeneration and other transport, the total industrial output and city GDP increase. A large growth rate is found in industries where subsidies are introduced, but non-ferrous metal industry also grows without subsidies due a repercussion effect. Moreover, it is interesting that decreasing proportions are found in oil and coal product, mining, heat supply and gasoline vehicle (GV) transport industries. However the total CO2 emission in Toyohashi City is increased being interpreted as a rebound effect. All the commodity prices decrease since subsidies are given to some industries. Hence Toyohashi Cityfs economy shows a direction where the demand for conventional vehicles and energy use are decreased, conversely, the demand for EVs and renewable energy are increased illustrating a different life style from the current one. Regarding CO2 emissions, we introduced a carbon tax of 1,000 yen/t-CO2 for industries except the five industries mentioned above. As a result the total CO2 emission is decreased and the equivalent variation shows a positive value as compared with the base case. Thus introducing 5 ~ 25% subsidies and the carbon tax can really represent a realistic alternative society to EVS in Toyohashi City

Theoretical Analysis of Urban Land Use Change by Information Provision for Nankai Trough Huge Earthquake in Japan

This study employs an analytic urban economics approach, assuming that Toyohashi City takes a linear shape and there are two districts where the vulnerabilities to the earthquake in the two districts are different. That is, Toyohashi City is divided into two districts, one is safe for the earthquake while another one is risky for the earthquake. And then this study theoretically considers how the land rent and the land use pattern of these two districts will change by provision of disaster risk information and by a change in reliability of information for households. As a result, the following conclusions are obtained. (1) In a case where household subjective reliability of disaster risk information is not considered, households and land rents are uniformly distributed if disaster risk information is not provided, and the two districts receive the same damage when the earthquake occurs. However, if disaster risk information is provided, the land rent shows a decrease in the risky district as the frequency of earthquakes increases. On the other hand, the land rent increases in the district with the low damage risk. As a result, the land with the lower rent than the agricultural land rent is not used for residence, thus the residential area shrinks in the risky district while it expands in the safe district. From these results, provision of disaster risk information leads households in the risky district to the safe place, resulting in a decrease in the population and properties in the risky district that are expected to receive significant damage when the earthquake occurs. Moreover, since a decrease in the household utility due to an increase in the occurrence probability of the earthquake gets smaller than that in the case of symmetric vulnerability for the earthquake, it can be concluded that the effect of information provision becomes larger in the risky district

Economic and Environmental Impacts of Electric Vehicle Society in Toyohashi City in Japan - A CGE Modeling Approach -

In this paper we explore economic and environmental impacts of promotion and realization of an electric vehicle society (EVS). More concretely, this paper emphasizes a CGE-modelling approach to evaluate the following issues: entire economic impacts of subsidies for promotion of an EVS, the possibility of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and prices reduction, a change of industrial structure towards an EVS, and a modal shift towards an EVS. Our simulation results demonstrate that after applying 20% subsidies to five industries including electric vehicles (EVs) manufacturing, EV transport, solar power generation, cogeneration and other transport, the total industrial output and municipal GDP increase. A large growth rates are found in industries where subsidies are introduced except non-ferrous metal industry. However, it is motivating that decreasing proportions are found in oil, coal product, mining, heat supply and gasoline vehicles (GVs) transport industries. Moreover all the commodity prices decrease since subsidies are given to some industries. Hence Toyohashi Cityfs economy shows a direction where the demand for conventional vehicles and energy use are decreased, conversely, the demand for EVs and renewable energy are increased that displays different lifestyles from the current one. For all these reasons, it is our conclusion that EVS can really represent a realistic and alternative society both in terms of economic development and CO2 emissions reduction. In this study therefore it is clear that modal shift will occur to EVS, and thus we suggest for promotion of a new industrial structure to introduce an EVS in Toyohashi City in Japan. The proposed model can even be applied to the other cities in Japan and other countries in the world which are similar to this area

Economic Analysis of Illegal Settlements in Flood Prone Areas in Palangkaraya City in Indonesia: A General Equilibrium Approach

Since initially steaming from von Thünen's work (1826), bid-rent approach has been rigorously applied to analyze land use configuration. Alonso (1964), Muth (1969), Beckman (1973), Solow (1973), and Fujita (1989) are among the scientists who greatly contributed to forward von Thünen's theory into complexities in urban context.. Particularly Fujita (1989) has showed solution of a utility optimizing problem to define the bid-rent function which gives the maximum ability of households to pay land under a fixed utility and at distance from the Central Business District (CBD). The bid rent concept provides richer analysis of the locational choice of households in the city. Our study considered a small-medium city in a developing country located in tropics where a massive deforestation and river flood significantly jeopardize some areas in the city. It is Palangkaraya city in Central Kalimantan province, Indonesia. There are two types of land classified in the city. One is called normal land where the river flood is not able to inundate while another one is namely flood prone areas. The flood prone areas are occupied by settlements which are mostly illegal. Here illegal settlement refers to those kinds of settlements which were built on parcels with no legal clearance on land ownership including those which were constructed without building permission (Kapoor &Blanc, 2008). This paper aims to analyze a configuration of the residential land use pattern in Palangkaraya city in Indonesia applying bid-rent approach which incorporated the expected flood damage rate (EFDR) on household assets. The EFDR is employed to predict the damage by the river flood since flood occurrences are stochastic and such appropriate data on flood occurrences is not available. Previously Permana and Miyata (2009) showed a partial equilib-rium urban economic model, introducing the EFDR. However we realize that the partial equilibrium model slightly lack of reality since income is assumed to be exogenously given. Hence we develop a general equilibrium model taking into account firms in the Central Business District (CBD), and by incorporating the expected damage rate on household's asset, the new bid rent function and bid max lot size function are obtained. Applying the general equilibrium modeling approach, one can derive the conclusion that the bid rents by low income households get higher than those by high income households in flood prone areas. This is the contrary conclusion being highlighted as compared with that in the traditional urban economics

An Economic Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Management of Toyohashi City, Japan: Evidences from Environmental Kuznets Curve

The study of Toyohashi cityfs economic growth and resultant growth in municipal solid waste management were empirically examined by the relation between city economic growth, city expenditure for solid waste management and municipal solid waste. The growth in the economy and the population has increased discharge of municipal solid waste in Toyohashi city. The economic size of the city is identified as a strong explanatory variable. Various kinds of municipal solid waste were generated with the city growth. Our study found that during the period of 1980 to 2005, Toyohashi city grew fast and, disposal municipal solid waste of the city was increased as a by-product of economic activities. Such increase in solid waste disposal put in more on demand for policy and technological interventions. As a result, the city expenditures on waste management increased during the same period. The city opened its high-tech waste treatment facility in 1984. The facility provides waste to heat and power generation technology (Toyohashi city, 2011). Later on, the national concept of the sound-material based society supports the city to initiate efficient and effective municipal waste management strategy from 2001 onward (Tachibana, et al., 2008). The positive coefficient of economic level for generation of municipal solid waste was positive. The result denotes that economic growth put upward pressure to the municipal solid waste generation. The negative coefficient of (economic level)2 indicates governmental initiative to manage the municipal solid waste generation in terms of regulations and/or technology was successful in case of Toyohashi city. The coefficient of per capita city expenditures for generation of municipal solid waste was positive and the expenditures on management of the municipal solid waste grew steadily. The result implies that the higher the waste generated, the more the city needs to spend more for waste management. The negative coefficient of per capita (city expenditures)2 indicates technological and regulatory intervention was appropriate to manage the waste generated by the city. The results provide theoretical and practical significance and proposition. The growth of Toyohashi city was positively correlated to produce higher municipal solid waste while better regulatory intervention and technological improvement could end up well management of the waste generated