Poly[bis­(μ2-4,4′-bipyridine)bis­(3-nitro­benzoato)cobalt(II)]

The hydro­thermal reaction of cobalt nitrate with 4,4′-bipyridine and 3-nitro­benzoic acid lead to the formation of the title complex, [Co(C7H4NO4)2(C10H8N2)2]n. In the crystal structure, the CoII atoms are coordinated by two terminal carboxyl­ate anions and four 4,4′-bipyridine ligands within slightly distorted octa­hedra. The CoII atom and one of the two independent 4,4′-bipyridine ligands are located on a twofold rotation axis, while the second independent 4,4′-bipyridine mol­ecule is located on a centre of inversion. One of the two rings of one 4,4′-bipyridine ligand is disordered over two orientations and was refined using a split model [occupancy ratio 0.68 (2):0.32 (2)]. The CoII atoms are connected by the 4,4′-bipyridine ligands into layers, which are located parallel to the ab plane

Unsteady separation process and vorticity balance on unsteady airfoils

Low momentum fluid erupts at the unsteady separation region and forms a local shear layer at the viscous-inviscid interface. At the shear layer, the vorticity lumps into a vortex and protrudes into the inviscid region. This process initiates the separation process. The response of airfoils in unsteady free stream was investigated based on this vortex generation and convection concept. This approach enabled us to understand the complicated unsteady aerodynamics from a fundamental point of view

Detecting local processing unit in drosophila brain by using network theory

Community detection method in network theory was applied to the neuron network constructed from the image overlapping between neuron pairs to detect the Local Processing Unit (LPU) automatically in Drosophila brain. 26 communities consistent with the known LPUs, and 13 subdivisions were found. Besides, 45 tracts were detected and could be discriminated from the LPUs by analyzing the distribution of participation coefficient P. Furthermore, layer structures in fan-shaped body (FB) were observed which coincided with the images shot by the optical devices, and a total of 13 communities were proven closely related to FB. The method proposed in this work was proven effective to identify the LPU structure in Drosophila brain irrespectively of any subjective aspect, and could be applied to the relevant areas extensively

Celecoxib extends C. elegans lifespan via inhibition of insulin‐like signaling but not cyclooxygenase‐2 activity

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/86911/1/ACEL_688_sm_FigS1-S2-TableS1-S2.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/86911/2/j.1474-9726.2011.00688.x.pd

Longitudinal stage profiles forecasting in rivers for flash floods

Copyright © 2010 Elsevier. NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Hydrology. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Hydrology Vol. 388 (2010), DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.05.028A flash flood routing model with artificial neural networks predictions was developed for stage profiles forecasting. The artificial neural network models were used to predict the 1-3 h lead time river stages at gauge stations along a river. The predictions were taken as interior boundaries in the flash flood routing model for the forecast of longitudinal stage profiles, including the un-gauged sites of a whole river. The flash flood routing model was based on the dynamic wave equations with discretization processes of the four-point finite difference method. Five typhoon events were applied to calibrate the rainfall-stage model and the other three events were simulated to verify the model's capability. The results revealed that the flash flood river routing model conjunction with artificial neural networks can provide accurate river stages for flood forecasting.National Science Council of Taiwa

Molecular population genetics and gene expression analysis of duplicated CBF genes of Arabidopsis thaliana

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>CBF/DREB </it>duplicate genes are widely distributed in higher plants and encode transcriptional factors, or CBFs, which bind a DNA regulatory element and impart responsiveness to low temperatures and dehydration.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We explored patterns of genetic variations of <it>CBF1, -2</it>, and -<it>3 </it>from 34 accessions of <it>Arabidopsis thaliana</it>. Molecular population genetic analyses of these genes indicated that <it>CBF2 </it>has much reduced nucleotide diversity in the transcriptional unit and promoter, suggesting that <it>CBF2 </it>has been subjected to a recent adaptive sweep, which agrees with reports of a regulatory protein of <it>CBF2</it>. Investigating the ratios of K_a/K_sbetween all paired <it>CBF </it>paralogus genes, high conservation of the AP2 domain was observed, and the major divergence of proteins was the result of relaxation in two regions within the transcriptional activation domain which was under positive selection after <it>CBF </it>duplication. With respect to the level of <it>CBF </it>gene expression, several mutated nucleotides in the promoters of <it>CBF3 </it>and <it>-1 </it>of specific ecotypes might be responsible for its consistently low expression.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We concluded from our data that important evolutionary changes in <it>CBF1, -2</it>, and -<it>3 </it>may have primarily occurred at the level of gene regulation as well as in protein function.</p

catena-Poly[[tetraaquanickel(II)]-μ3-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylato-3′:1:2-κ4 O 1:O 3,O 3′:O 5-[tetraaquanickel(II)]-μ2-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylato-2:3κ2 O 1:O 3-[tetraaquanickel(II)]]

The microwave solvothermal reaction of nickel nitrate with trimesic acid provided the title compound, [Ni3(BTC)2(H2O)12]n (BTC = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxyl­ate anion, C9H3O6), which is a metal coordination polymer composed of one-dimensional zigzag chains. The crystal under investigation was ramecically twinned with an approximate twin domain ratio of 1:1. In the asymmetric unit, there are two types of Ni atoms. One of the NiO6 groups (2 symmetry) is coordinated to only one carboxyl­ate group and thus terminal, the other is bridging, forming the coordination polymer. The extended chains are connected by the organic BTC anions via μ 2-linkages. O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π–π inter­actions between the chains [centroid–centroid distance 3.58 (1) Å] induce the complex to mimic a three-dimensional structure

GAGA factor, a positive regulator of global gene expression, modulates transcriptional pausing and organization of upstream nucleosomes

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide studies in higher eukaryotes have revealed the presence of paused RNA polymerase II (RNA-Pol) at about 30–50 bp downstream of the transcription start site of genes involved in developmental control, cell proliferation and intercellular signaling. Promoter-proximal pausing is believed to represent a critical step in transcriptional regulation. GAGA sequence motifs have frequently been found in the upstream region of paused genes in Drosophila, implicating a prevalent binding factor, GAF, in transcriptional pausing. RESULTS: Using newly isolated mutants that retain only ~3 % normal GAF level, we analyzed its impacts on transcriptional regulation in whole animals. We first examined the abundance of three major isoforms of RNA-Pol on Hsp70 during heat shock. By cytogenetic analyses on polytene chromosomes and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we show that paused RNA-Pol of Hsp70 is substantially reduced in mutants. Conversely, a global increase in paused RNA-Pol is observed when GAF is over-expressed. Coupled analyses of transcriptome and GAF genomic distribution show that 269 genes enriched for upstream GAF binding are down-regulated in mutants. Interestingly, ~15 % of them encode transcriptional factors, which might control ~2000 additional genes down-regulated in mutants. Further examination of RNA-Pol distribution in GAF targets reveals that a positive correlation exists between promoter-proximal RNA-Pol density and GAF occupancy in WT, but not in mutants. Comparison of nucleosome profiles indicates that nucleosome occupancy is preferentially attenuated by GAF in the upstream region that strongly favors nucleosome assembly. Using a dominant eye phenotype caused by GAF over-expression, we detect significant genetic interactions between GAF and the nucleosome remodeler NURF, the pausing factor NELF, and BAB1 whose binding sites are enriched specifically in genes displaying GAF-dependent pausing. CONCLUSION: Our results provide direct evidence to support a critical role of GAF in global gene expression, transcriptional pausing and upstream nucleosome organization of a group of genes. By cooperating with factors acting at different levels, GAF orchestrates a series of events from local nucleosome displacement to paused transcription. The use of whole animals containing broad tissue types attests the physiological relevance of this regulatory network. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-016-0082-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Application of the Digital Annealer Unit in Optimizing Chemical Reaction Conditions for Enhanced Production Yields

Finding appropriate reaction conditions that yield high product rates in chemical synthesis is crucial for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. However, due to the vast chemical space, conducting experiments for each possible reaction condition is impractical. Consequently, models such as QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship) or ML (Machine Learning) have been developed to predict the outcomes of reactions and illustrate how reaction conditions affect product yield. Despite these advancements, inferring all possible combinations remains computationally prohibitive when using a conventional CPU. In this work, we explore using a Digital Annealing Unit (DAU) to tackle these large-scale optimization problems more efficiently by solving Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO). Two types of QUBO models are constructed in this work: one using quantum annealing and the other using ML. Both models are built and tested on four high-throughput experimentation (HTE) datasets and selected Reaxys datasets. Our results suggest that the performance of models is comparable to classical ML methods (i.e., Random Forest and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP)), while the inference time of our models requires only seconds with a DAU. Additionally, in campaigns involving active learning and autonomous design of reaction conditions to achieve higher reaction yield, our model demonstrates significant improvements by adding new data, showing promise of adopting our method in the iterative nature of such problem settings. Our method can also accelerate the screening of billions of reaction conditions, achieving speeds millions of times faster than traditional computing units in identifying superior conditions. Therefore, leveraging the DAU with our developed QUBO models has the potential to be a valuable tool for innovative chemical synthesis