A transverse current rectification in graphene superlattice

A model for energy spectrum of superlattice on the base of graphene placed on the striped dielectric substrate is proposed. A direct current component which appears in that structure perpendicularly to pulling electric field under the influence of elliptically polarized electromagnetic wave was derived. A transverse current density dependence on pulling field magnitude and on magnitude of component of elliptically polarized wave directed along the axis of a superlattice is analyzed.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure

Russian Words for ‘freedom’ Revisited

The paper deals with the Russian words referring to ‘freedom’ ( svoboda , volia , and their derivatives svobodnyj , vol’nyi , vol’nost’ , etc.) in both synchronic and diachronic aspects. I seek to elaborate and to refine the analysis given in some earlier publications (by Anna Wierzbicka and by myself). The paper analyzes the spatial dimension of the semantics of the words under consideration, the contrast between svoboda and volia before the Revolution, their semantic development during Soviet times and their current semantic status. It also considers metalinguistic comments on their semantics by Russian speakers. I make special reference to the role of these words in The First Circle by Alexander Solzhenitsyn and the problem of their translation into other languages. In addition, I briefly consider the use of the words in question in the translations of various texts into Russian (with reference to the parallel corpora of the Russian National Corpus). The starting point for such an analysis is the assumption that one may regard translation equivalents and paraphrases of a linguistic unit extracted from real translated texts as a source of information about its semantics. This approach is particularly efficient in case of language-specific words that defy translation. Translations into Russian may be even more revealing in this respect: when Russian is the source language, the choice of a paraphrase depends on the translator’s meta-linguistic reflection while an occurrence of a Russian language-specific expression in the target text, more often than not reflects a “naïve” choice of words as a part of “natural” linguistic activity

«ОБЩЕСТВО ИСТРЕБЛЕНИЯ БОГАТСТВ» В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ ЖОРЖА БАТАЯ

This article examines Georges Bataille's interpretation of the tribes of northwestern America (Indians), ancient Mexico (Aztecs), and similar archaic cultures as examples of a «society of the extermination of wealth». The reasoning is based on the analysis of such a basic binary opposition in the philosophy of the French writer as the profane «order of things» and the sacred «intimate order», moving later to the interpretation of sacrifice and potlatch as useless «unproductive waste». Special attention is paid to the second ritual practice, which, according to Bataille, most clearly shows the fact that wealth in archaic society is understood in connection with waste, and not with the accumulation and multiplication of goods, which is already characteristic of capitalism. The author, based on primary sources, as well as domestic and foreign interpretive literature, connects the useless waste of surplus production in the «society of the extermination of wealth» with Bataille's interpretation of glory as likening the immensity of the sun and his idea that the ultimate goal of any flow of energy is annihilation. In the finale of the work, a comparison is made between capitalism and the «society of the extermination of wealth».The article is of interest to readers interested in twentieth-century French philosophy, archaic cultures, social anthropology.Данная статья посвящена рассмотрению принадлежащей Жоржу Батаю интерпретации племен Северо-западной Америки (индейцы), древней Мексики (ацтеки) и подобных им архаических культур в качестве примеров «общества истребления богатств». Рассуждение отталкивается от анализа такой основной бинарной оппозиции в философии французского писателя, как профанный «порядок вещей» и сакральный «сокровенный порядок», переходя впоследствии к толкованию жертвоприношения и потлача как бесполезных «непроизводительных трат». Особое внимание уделяется второй ритуальной практике, в которой, согласно Батаю, наиболее отчетливо проявляется тот факт, что богатство в архаическом обществе понимается в связи с расточительством, а не с накоплением и преумножением благ, что уже свойственно капитализму. Автор, основываясь на первоисточниках, а также отечественной и зарубежной интерпретаторской литературе, связывает бесполезную растрату излишков производства в «обществе истребления богатств» с интерпретацией Батаем  славы как уподобления безмерности солнца и его идеей, что конечной целью любого потока энергии является аннигиляция. В финале же работы производится сравнение капитализма с «обществом истребления богатств».Статья представляет интерес для читателей, интересующихся французской философией двадцатого века, архаическими культурами и социальной антропологией

Harmonization of income taxation of individuals in the Eurasian economic union countries

The development trends and the state of income tax systems in the world and the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union have been analyzed. Their similarities and differences have been revealed. The problem of harmonization of the legislation of income taxation of individuals has been considered. The assessment of justice and efficiency of the existing systems of income taxation in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union has been carried out. The concept of harmonization has been proposed, which allows not only to unify the laws of the Eurasian Economic Union countries, but also to ensure an increase of the efficiency and fairness of the system of income taxation of individuals

Hybrid MHD/PIC simulation of a metallic gas-puff z pinch implosion

We present the hybrid MHD/PIC simulations of the time evolution of a bismuth metallic gas-puff z pinch in external axial magnetic field (AMF). Recent experiments with IMRI-5 generator (450 kA, 450 ns) [1] show the certain effect of an axial magnetic field on radiation energy produced during z pinch implosion. In order to perform the numerical simulation of gas puff z pinch a hybrid model was developed. The hybrid model treats the electrons as a massless fluid and ions as macroparticles. The macroparticle dynamic is calculated with the use of PIC method. Ion-ion Coulomb collision is considered with the use of MC method. The radiation transfer of bismuth plasma was accounted in the framework of P1 method. The interelectrode gap pumping by plasma of 8 μs 80 kA bismuth arc with the following plasma implosion by 450 kA / 450 ns current pulse in different external AMF was modelled. The obtained results are in a reasonable agreement with the experimental results. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.The work was supported by Russian Science Foundation (project No. 16-19-10142)

Historical education in the system of engineers' and technical specialists' training

© the author(s). The importance and significance of the issue is determined by a new Federal State Educational Standard of higher education in Russia and changes in the system of engineers' and technical specialists' training. The report is aimed at the generalization of the experience and best practice of the new approaches to historical education implementation, mainly in higher educational establishments. The keynote methods in the research are historical and pedagogical methods. The report is focused on the application of the competence-based approach to teaching "History" in technical colleges through the organization of students' autonomy while studying the subject and implementation of interactive forms of education and on-line education. It reveals that a combination of the above mentioned approaches and forms of education in teaching "History" leads to the improvement of quality, progress in studies, professional competences advancement and the subject academic performance. The results of the research can be useful in teaching "History" in technical colleges and universities

Computer simulation of high current vacuum arc with developed anode spot

A self-consistent simulation of anode heating by 4.5 kA vacuum arc during the half-wave of 50 Hz current with 1 m/s contact opening was carried out. The calculations were done in the framework of hybrid high current vacuum arc model, which treats ions and atoms as macroparticles with the help of particle-in-cell methods, but electron subsystem is treated as massless fluid with quasineutrality assumed. The occurrence of an anode plasma plume (similar to that found in experiments) was obtained as a result of modeling. It is shown that the energy flux of line radiation from the interelectrode plasma to the anode is a critical reason of the appearance and maintenance of the anode plume. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBRRussian Academy of Sciences, RAS: 1118-2-2-16This work was supported in part by RFBR (grants nos: 17-02-00346, 18-08-00547, 19-08-00783, 19-58-53006), by RAS Program (project no. 11) and UB RAS Program (project no. 18-2-2-16)

On Hybrid Type of Cathode Attachment in High Current Vacuum Arcs

This paper discusses the issues of a possible change of the type of cathode attachment of high-current vacuum arcs (HCVA) with an average cathode current density of more than 105 A/cm2. This type of HCVA is used as pumping plasma gun in experiments with plasma puff z-pinches. These experiments showed that the measured linear mass of the HCVA plasma jet is much higher (by a factor of 10 or more) than the expected mass, which can be obtained from the assumption that cathode attachment occurs only through a multitude of cathode spots emitting supersonic plasma jets. It is shown that in HCVA of the type under consideration, at some time instant there are two types of cathode attachments - cathode spots and thermionic erosion attachment (TEA). It can be said that HCVA of this type have a hybrid cathodic attachment. Unlike cathode spots, TEA produces a subsonic plasma flow, which contributes to an increase in the linear mass of the HCVA plasma jet. © 2021 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved

Modeling of plasma jet of vacuum arc with copper-chromium cathode under action of strong axial magnetic field

This paper deals with the computer simulation of a vacuum arc with composite cathode under action of external axial magnetic using hybrid model. The described hybrid model treats the electrons as a massless fluid and ions as macroparticles. It is shown that the average charge state of ions in a jet of a vacuum arc increases with increasing magnetic field. The calculation results are consistent with experimental data. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 18-19-00069This work was supported by Russian Science Foundation (project No. 18-19-00069)