Hvordan taus kunnskap blir delt virtuelt mellom medarbeidere i Skatteetaten

Denne kvalitative studien utforsker hvordan taus kunnskap (TK) blir delt virtuelt, mellom mennesker i en geografisk delt organisasjon. Avstand innebærer begrensinger for fysisk samhandling. Digitale verktøy åpner muligheter for samhandling på avstand. Denne case studien utforsker omstendigheter som påvirker virtuell deling av TK i en slik kontekst. Tidligere teori fremholder synet om at deling av TK krever fysisk ansikt-til-ansikt interaksjon. Nyere studier åpner for at TK kan bli delt i digitalt. Denne studien utforsker hvordan TK overføres virtuelt ansikt-til-ansikt, i en stor offentlig organisasjon, Skatteetaten. Analyse av data, fremskaffet ved 13 dybdeintervjuer, viser hvordan TK blir delt virtuelt ansikt-til-ansikt mellom medarbeidere som har geografisk avstand og som samhandler digitalt. Disse medarbeiderne kan etablere kontakt og dele TK uten å ha møtt hverandre fysisk. Studien finner at dette skjer i to dimensjoner. Dimensjon 1 uformell spontan interaksjon omfatter enkeltindivider utenom organiserte grupper. I Dimensjonen 1 opptrer individer som om de er i en fysisk kontekst. Dimensjon 2, tilrettelagt virtuelt team, omfatter virtuelle team som deler TK når det blir tilrettelagt for det, gjennom blant annet metoder som fremmer relasjonsbygging i team, og smidige arbeidspraksiser. De to dimensjonene er kun funnet i en del av virksomheten. Resten av virksomheten synes å dele TK i en fysisk og lokal kontekst, og det er en terskel inn til det digitale rommet. De to dimensjonene er fremmet av nettverksforbindelser i et sosialt digitalt delingsmiljø på tvers av organisatoriske og geografiske enheter. Dedikerte kunnskapshjelpere, "de spesielle", støtter virtuell deling av TK. Denne studien identifiserer flere forhold som påvirker individer til å trå over terskelen til den digitale delingskonteksten. Funn av de to dimensjonene viser at en virksomhetsomspennende digital delingskultur kan være mulig.This qualitative study explores how tacit knowledge (TK) is shared virtually between people in a geographically distributed organisation. Distance implies limitations to physical interaction. Digital tools facilitate opportunities for interaction from a distance. This case study explores circumstances that influence virtual sharing of TK in this context. Previous theories maintain a view that TK-sharing requires physical face-to-face interaction. Recent studies allow for a view that TK may be shared digitally. This study explores how TK-sharing takes place virtually face-to-face, within a large public organisation, the Norwegian Tax Administration. Analysis of data generated through 13 interviews, show how TK is shared virtually face-to-face between geographically separated colleagues who interact digitally. These colleagues may establish contact and share TK without having met physically. The study finds two dimensions where this occurs. Dimension 1, informal spontaneous interaction, includes individuals outside organised groups. In this dimension, individuals act as if they were in a physical context. Dimension 2, facilitated virtual teams, includes virtual teams sharing TK facilitated through methods that establish strong relationships within the team and agile work practices. The two dimensions are only found in a part of the organisation. The remaining part of the organisation occurs to share TK physically and locally, and there is a threshold to reach the digital place. The two dimensions are supported by a social digital sharing environment between network connections, across organisational units, and on geographical distance. Dedicated knowledge helpers, "the special ones" support virtual TK-sharing. This study identifies several factors influencing individuals to overcome the threshold, enabling them to enter the digital sharing context. The two dimensions show that an organisation-wide digital sharing culture may be possible

Experimental study on the nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristics of a water-based multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanofluid in a confined space

Experimental investigation of nucleate boiling heat transfer of a water-based multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanofluid in a confined space is presented in this study. First, the effects of four different surfactants on the stability of the nanofluids were investigated and the suitable surfactant gum acacia (GA) was selected for the boiling experiments. Then, the boiling experiments of the nanofluids with various volume fractions (0.005–0.2%) of the MWCNTs were conducted at a sub-atmospheric pressure of 1 × 10−3 Pa and the test heat fluxes are from 100 to 740 kW/m2. Furthermore, GA with four different mass fractions was respectively dissolved in the nanofluids to investigate the effect of the GA concentration on the boiling heat transfer. The effects of the heat flux, the concentrations of the MWCNTs and surfactants, the bubble behaviors and the surface conditions after the boiling processes have been analyzed. The results show that the MWCNTs nanofluid can enhance boiling heat transfer as compared to the base fluid. This is mainly caused by the nanoparticles deposition on the boiling surface result in increasing the surface roughness and reducing surface contact angle. It is also found that addition of GA can inhibit the deposition of the nanoparticles but may reduce the boiling heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluids. According to the experimental results, the maximum heat transfer coefficient enhancement ratio can reach 40.53%. It is also noticed that the heat transfer enhancement ratio decreases with increasing the heat flux at lower heat fluxes from 100 to 340 kW/m2 while it increases with increasing the heat flux at higher fluxes from 340 to 740 kW/m2. At the lower heat fluxes, the deposition layer increases the frequency of bubble formation and thus the boiling heat transfer is strengthened. While at the high heat fluxes, the increasing heat flux may strengthen the capability of the nanoparticles deposition and the disturbance of the nanoparticles and increase the enhancement ratio of heat transfer coefficient

Care of horses in Horse slings

Hengesele for hest har vært brukt som hjelpemiddel innen bruksområder for hest i mange år. Teknikkene og årsakene er forskjellige, men det faktum at det er en komplisert prosess med mulighet for mange komplikasjoner forblir den samme. Spesielt når vi bruker en hengesele over en lengre periode, tar vi bort hestens evne til å utføre mye av sin naturlige adferd. Det er derfor viktig å ta riktige forholdsregler og pleie utføres for å forhindre at komplikasjoner og dårlig velferd utvikles. Forskning innen pleie av hest i hengesele er begrenset, og det meste av det som utføres er erfaringsbasert. Denne studien har samlet forskning på de ulike aspektene som påvirker en hest i hengesele over lengre tid. Vi har sortert denne informasjonen, for å lage en oversikt over hvordan man utfører best mulig pleie, og hva man bør fokusere på i løpet av denne tidsperioden

Mathematical modelling of thickness and temperature dependent physical aging to O2/N2 gas separation in polymeric membranes

Polymeric membranes are glassy materials at non-equilibrium state and inherently undergo a spontaneous evolution towards equilibrium known as physical aging. Volume relaxation characteristic during the course of aging is governed by the surrounding temperature in which the polymeric material is aged. Although there are studies to understand how polymeric materials evolve over time towards equilibrium at different operating temperatures, the theories have been developed merely in response to experimental observations and phenomenological theory at bulk glassy state without the implementation of sample size effects. Limited work has been done to characterize the physical aging process to thin polymeric films using reasonable physical parameters and mathematical models with incorporation of thermodynamics and film thickness consideration. The current work applies the Tait equation of states and thickness dependent glass transition temperature, integrated within a simple linear correlation, to model the temperature and thickness dependent physical aging. The mathematical model has been validated with experimental aging data, whereby a small deviation is observed that has been explained by intuitive reasoning pertaining to the thermodynamic parameters. The mathematical model has been further employed to study the gas transport properties of O(2) and N(2), which is anticipated to be applied in oxygen enriched combustion for generation of cleaner and higher efficiency fuel in future work

A predictive model for gas and vapor sorption into glassy membranes at high pressure

A predictive model was developed based on NELF model using FFV for gas and vapor sorption into glassy membranes at high pressure.</p