Forced Convection in Channels with Viscous Dissipation

Due to the reducing size of electronic equipments; the heat fluxes in them are increasing rapidly. As a result of the increased heat fluxes thermal management becomes indispensible for its longevity and hence it is one of the important topics of current research. The dissipation of heat is necessary for its proper function. The heat is generated by the resistance encountered by electric current. Unless proper cooling arrangement is designed, the operating temperature exceeds permissible limit. As a consequence, chances of failure get increased hazards. Different phenomena have been observed in various works indicating that the mechanisms of flow and heat transfer in microchannels are still not understood clearly. There is little experimental data and theoretical analysis in the literature to elucidate the mechanisms. It is reasonable to assume that, as the dimensions of flow channels approach the micro-level, viscous dissipation could be too significant to be neglected due to a high velocity gradient in the channel. Thus, deviations from predictions using conventional theory that neglects viscous dissipation could be expected

Effect of cadmium chloride on general body colouration and chromatophores of stinging cat fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Chromatophores, specialized pigment cells in poikilothermic animals, have shown great potential in their use as a cell-based biosensor in the detection of a broad range of environmental toxicants, as structure and number of chromatophores alters significantly under toxicant exposure. Skin coloration of Heteropneustes fossilis is due to melanin containing melanophores. Cadmium, the black listed and non essential heavy metal, is widely used that adversely affects vital activities of aquatic biota. H. fossilis, freshwater Indian stinging catfish, were subjected to exposure of 96 hour LC50 dose (392.92 mg/l) and 25% of 96 hour LC50 dose (98.23mg/l) of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) to evaluate toxic impact of cadmium on colouration and chromatophores. A significant decrease was observed in number of chromatophores after acute (highly significant (F = 70.50; P<0.001) and sub acute (significant (F = 0.29; P<0.05) exposure along with heavy nacrotic, lytic and degenerative changes. Chromatophore gradually changed from reticulate to punctate-stellate and punctuate type as they lost their dendritic processes and aggregation of melanin towards centre. Most of the chromatophores lost their cellular entity due to degenerative changes and melanin was found dispersed in surrounding matrix. Peeling and fading of skin was the common feature in all exposure durations. Fish chromatophores may serve as better biomarkers in reference to metallic pollution and will also be helpful in accessing the health status of economically important fishes as well as worsening status of aquatic bodies

Effect of heavy metal, copper sulphate and potassium chromate on behaviour of “Tailless water flea” Simocephalus vetulus (Crustacea - Cladocera)

Water fleas constitute major zooplankton population of fresh water aquatic ecosystem. Their population density is an indicative of well-being of aquatic bodies. Simocephalus vetulus (Crustacea - Cladocera) is a tailless water flea and is well suited lab model for environmental monitoring. Copper a Gray listed heavy metals despite being an essential micronutrient, becomes highly toxic when present in excess quantity in aquatic ecosystem thereby causing deleterious effects on aquatic flora as well as fauna. The water-flea exposed to acute 0.37 mg/l (96hr LC50), sub-acute 0.0925 mg/l (25% of 96hr LC50) value and chronic 0.037 mg/l (10% of 96hr LC50) value of copper sulphate and acute 0.16 mg/l (96 hr LC50), sub-acute 0.04 mg/l (25% of 96 hr LC50) value and chronic 0.016 mg/l (10% of 96 hr LC50) value of potassium chromate showed behavioural alterations like initial hyperactivity, fast appendage movements and in phototaxis, geotaxis and avoidance indices. At later stage erratic swimming and spinning, reduced activity, loss of balance, reduced feeding and darkening of cuticular coloration, reduced phototactic, geotaxis and avoidance indices were the major effects on its behaviour. The behavioural alterations of S. vetulus showed the most susceptible and foremost indication of potential toxic effects. Various behavioural parameters, used in present study may serve as better biomarkers about metal toxicity and monitoring of drinking water qualit

MEDIA AND SOCIAL AWARENESS

In general, "media" refers to various means of communication. For example, television, radio, and the newspaper are different types of media. The term can also be used as a collective noun for the press or news reporting agencies. Media is source of information or communication. Media includes sources like print media and electronics media. It denotes an item specifically designed to reach a large audience. It plays a vital role in creating and spreading awareness.Power of media can transform the whole society especially in the developing countries. I think the most important use of media is to educate the people about the basic human rights. The dilemma of the developing countries is that people are not fully aware of their basic rights and if they know, they don't know about what to do and where to go. They don't know their collective strength. Even they don't know how to protest and what is the importance of protests

Multi-objective optimization of an industrial styrene reactor using Harmony Search Algorithm

Multi-objective optimization of industrial styrene reactor is done using Harmony Search algorithm. Harmony search algorithm is a recently developed meta-heuristic algorithm which is inspired by musical improvisation process aimed towards obtaining the best harmony. Three objective functions – productivity, selectivity and yield are optimized to get best combination of decision variables for styrene reactor. All possible cases of single and multi-objective optimization have been considered. Pareto optimal sets are obtained as a result of the optimization study. Results reveal that optimized solution using harmony search algorithm gives better operating conditions than industrial practice

First observation of Cherenkov rings with a large area CsI-TGEM-based RICH prototype

We have built a RICH detector prototype consisting of a liquid C6F14 radiator and six triple Thick Gaseous Electron Multipliers (TGEMs), each of them having an active area of 10x10 cm2. One triple TGEM has been placed behind the liquid radiator in order to detect the beam particles, whereas the other five have been positioned around the central one at a distance to collect the Cherenkov photons. The upstream electrode of each of the TGEM stacks has been coated with a 0.4 micron thick CsI layer. In this paper, we will present the results from a series of laboratory tests with this prototype carried out using UV light, 6 keV photons from 55Fe and electrons from 90Sr as well as recent results of tests with a beam of charged pions where for the first time Cherenkov Ring images have been successfully recorded with TGEM photodetectors. The achieved results prove the feasibility of building a large area Cherenkov detector consisting of a matrix of TGEMs.Comment: Presented at the International Conference NDIP-11, Lyon,July201

Proposed E-Services Quality Model and its Impact on the Indian Society

The web technology now is a strong medium to provide information and services to the public in just a short span of time. Basically an e service provides information through the websites or web applications which can interact billions of people at a given time. This could not be possible through the traditional services and approaches. Electronic services are very famous and effective in terms of e-commerce. Type of e-service depends upon the motives of firms or organizations. The motive may differ with the objectives of the firm. For example, banking sector and e commerce organizations may provide their services to the society. Governments may provide schemes for the welfare of society with these means along with lot of benefits, such infrastructure is also a very easy to use and time consuming, so peoples are getting dependents of the e services and mobile applications, especially for the mentioned sectors  like insurance,  banking, shopping, finance, educations, real states, social media relationship, political elections, billing, entertainments, online movies, web-series, food ordering and delivery, and health sector etc.  So as people are getting used to of it, risk of cyber fraud is also increasing. As the use of online transaction has increased rapidly, especially during the lockdown and after this, peoples are dealing with e-cash rather than the cash, for this they are using either their bank accounts directly, or the e-wallets for making payment. . So hackers are doing fraud by so many ways, bank accounts and e-wallets are the prime target of them. Several cases have been reported for so far, this fraud. So there is a huge impact of the e-services and applications on the society