BIOFABRICATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM AND ITS BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Objective: The objective of the study is to perform the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using the bark extract of Pterocarpus marsupium and to evaluate its biomedical applications.Methods: Various concentrations of zinc acetate are used, and synthesis conditions were optimized to get a stable nanoparticle. The finest synthesis condition for zinc oxide nanoparticle production was at pH 7 with 20 ml extract, zinc acetate 10 mM, and 120 min of reaction time. The synthesized nanopowder was characterized using various analytical techniques, such as ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The synthesized nanoparticles were tested for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and inhibition of amylase activity.Results: The size range of nanoparticles obtained was in the range of 10–32 nm as reported by SEM. The UV-visible absorption spectrum of the synthesized nanoparticle showed a peak at 340 nm, which confirmed the presence of nanoparticles. FTIR spectroscopy analysis indicated the presence of zinc oxide stretching at 666.22 cm-1. Further, the IR spectra indicated the presence of alcohols and acids, which can act as capping agents around the nanoparticles. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of nanoparticles.The synthesized nanoparticle showed appreciable antimicrobial activity. Zinc oxide nanoparticles at 40 μg/well were tested against phytopathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger showed 16, 13, 15, and 16 mm zones of inhibition, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticle showed a considerable increase in inhibition of lipid peroxidation and amylase activity. The nanoparticle also exhibited appreciable anti-inflammatory activity measured by the inhibition of albumin denaturation.Conclusion: The study instigates the simple and convenient method of synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles using P. marsupium and its few biomedical applications

Mitigation of Selfish Node Attacks in Autoconfiguration of MANETs

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are composed of mobile nodes connected by wireless links without using any pre-existent infrastructure. Hence the assigning of unique IP address to the incoming node becomes difficult. There are various dynamic auto configuration protocols available to assign IP address to the incoming nodes including grid based protocol which assigns IP address with less delay and low protocol overhead. Such protocols get affected by presence of either selfish nodes or malicious nodes. Moreover there is no centralized approach to defend against these threats like in wired network such as firewall, intrusion detection system, proxy etc. The selfish nodes are the nodes which receive packet destined to it and drop packet destined to other nodes in order to save its energy and resources. This behavior of nodes affects normal functioning of auto configuration protocol. Many algorithms are available to isolate selfish nodes but they do not deal with presence of false alarm and protocol overhead. And also there are certain algorithms which use complex formulae and tedious mathematical calculations. The proposed algorithm in this paper helps to overcome the attack of selfish nodes effect in an efficient and scalable address auto configuration protocol that automatically configures a network by assigning unique IP addresses to all nodes with a very low protocol overhead, minimal address acquisition delay and computational overhead

Evaluation of physical, chemical and heavy metal concentration of food waste composting

In this study, food waste composting with rice husk and coconut fibre as compost medium were carried out. Two types of different fermentation liquids were prepared which were fermented liquid (banana peel) and fermented liquid from fermented soybeans. During the composting process, a compost samples for a twenty week duration at an interval time of two weeks. Among the physico-chemical parameters that were tested were temperature, moisture content, pH value, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorous, Potassium and Total Organic Carbon and Carbon Nitrogen ratio. Heavy metals such as copper, cadmium, lead, nickel and arsenic were observed and analysed. From this study, it was found that, the temperature increased during the thermophilic phase while there was gradually increase of Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorous and Potassium from the beginning till the end of the composting process. It was also found that the total organic carbon (TOC) and the carbon nitrogen ratio decreased significantly during the decomposition process. Traces amounts of heavy metals were also detected and remains below the standard Malaysian Environmental regulations. It was concluded that, the composting process was faster with processed food waste followed by combination of processed food waste and raw. Raw food waste were demonstrated the lowest degradation rate

Mitigation of Selfish Node Attacks in Autoconfiguration of MANETs

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are composed of mobile nodes connected by wireless links without using any pre-existent infrastructure. Hence the assigning of unique IP address to the incoming node becomes difficult. There are various dynamic auto configuration protocols available to assign IP address to the incoming nodes including grid based protocol which assigns IP address with less delay and low protocol overhead. Such protocols get affected by presence of either selfish nodes or malicious nodes. Moreover there is no centralized approach to defend against these threats like in wired network such as firewall, intrusion detection system, proxy etc. The selfish nodes are the nodes which receive packet destined to it and drop packet destined to other nodes in order to save its energy and resources. This behavior of nodes affects normal functioning of auto configuration protocol. Many algorithms are available to isolate selfish nodes but they do not deal with presence of false alarm and protocol overhead. And also there are certain algorithms which use complex formulae and tedious mathematical calculations. The proposed algorithm in this paper helps to overcome the attack of selfish nodes effect in an efficient and scalable address auto configuration protocol that automatically configures a network by assigning unique IP addresses to all nodes with a very low protocol overhead, minimal address acquisition delay and computational overhead.</jats:p