A multiscale constitutive model for intergranular stress corrosion cracking in type 304 austenitic stainless steel

Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) is a fracture mechanism in sensitised austenitic stainless steels exposed to critical environments where the intergranular cracks extends along the network of connected susceptible grain boundaries. A constitutive model is presented to estimate the maximum intergranular crack growth by taking into consideration the materials mechanical properties and microstructure characters distribution. This constitutive model is constructed based on the assumption that each grain is a two phase material comprising of grain interior and grain boundary zone. The inherent micro-mechanisms active in the grain interior during IGSCC is based on crystal plasticity theory, while the grain boundary zone has been modelled by proposing a phenomenological constitutive model motivated from cohesive zone modelling approach. Overall, response of the representative volume is calculated by volume averaging of individual grain behaviour. Model is assessed by performing rigorous parametric studies, followed by validation and verification of the proposed constitutive model using representative volume element based FE simulations reported in the literature. In the last section, model application is demonstrated using intergranular stress corrosion cracking experiments which shows a good agreement

A multiscale constitutive model for intergranular stress corrosion cracking in type 304 austenitic stainless steel

Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) is a fracture mechanism in sensitised austenitic stainless steels exposed to critical environments where the intergranular cracks extends along the network of connected susceptible grain boundaries. A constitutive model is presented to estimate the maximum intergranular crack growth by taking into consideration the materials mechanical properties and microstructure characters distribution. This constitutive model is constructed based on the assumption that each grain is a two phase material comprising of grain interior and grain boundary zone. The inherent micro-mechanisms active in the grain interior during IGSCC is based on crystal plasticity theory, while the grain boundary zone has been modelled by proposing a phenomenological constitutive model motivated from cohesive zone modelling approach. Overall, response of the representative volume is calculated by volume averaging of individual grain behaviour. Model is assessed by performing rigorous parametric studies, followed by validation and verification of the proposed constitutive model using representative volume element based FE simulations reported in the literature. In the last section, model application is demonstrated using intergranular stress corrosion cracking experiments which shows a good agreement

The Adoption of "Like" and "Not Like" USAge by Saudi International Students at a US University

Language change has been a very natural phenomenon throughout the history. Languages adapt, acquire, add, or ultimately quite sadly they extinct. In current study\u27s case, language user acquired, adapt, add features from the source if they spent time and interact with the native speakers of a language and L2 speaker while immersed in the target language culture and linguistic environment. Therefore, it is inevitable to ignore the native feature acquisition process. The current study primarily aimed to look into the adoption and USAge of English particle like as a discourse or pragmatic marker by Saudi female students at an American university in the United States. The results show that the length of the participants stay in the US and the amount of interaction with the American English users have largely influenced their USAge of loose language and gap-filler “like” in their spoken English

On non commutative sinh-Gordon Equation

We give a noncommutative extension of sinh-Gordon equation. We generalize a linear system and Lax representation of the sinh-Gordon equation in noncommutative space. This generalization gives a noncommutative version of the sinh-Gordon equation with extra constraints, which can be expressed as global conserved currents.Comment: 7 Page

Pengakuan Atas Kedudukan Dan Keberadaan Masyarakat Hukum Adat (Mha) Pasca Dibentuknya Undang-undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Desa

Law No.6 Year 2014 regarding Villages has impact on the recognition of the existence of traditional communities. This research aims to elaborates about that recognition and this research is a normative legal study. Research problems are (1) how is the concept of the recognition of the existance of traditional communities? (2) how is the legal impact of of the recognition of the existance of traditional communities? It can be concluded that the recognition obtainable through traditional villages in that law. Then, the law gives good impact on the recognition of traditional communities but there are limitation and unification on the rights of the communities.IntisariUU No.6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa berimplikasi terhadap pengakuan atas kedudukan dan keberadaan Masyarakat Hukum Adat (MHA). Penelitian ini ditujukkan untuk mendalami pengakuan tersebut dan dilakukan dengan metode yuridis normatif. Rumusan masalah yang dikemukakan (1) bagaimana konsepsi pengakuan MHA?; (2) bagaimana implikasi yuridis pengakuan desa adat oleh UU Desa atas penguatan MHA? Kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah bahwa pengakuan MHA diperoleh melalui adanya Desa Adat yang diakui sebagai Desa. Sedangkan implikasinya positif dalam memberikan legalitas bagi MHA namun memiliki kelemahan yakni adanya pembatasan dan penyeragaman atas hak MHA

Planning and Analyzing DVB-T Technology in Pulo Aceh Using High Altitude Platform Station

Abstact. The development of telecommunication technologies has shown remarkable improvement rapidly in this decade, one of which is in information computer and telecommunication technology. On the other hand, the services can be provided with the advance of information technology has not reached all levels of society. In Indonesia, geographic and demographic factors are among the obstacles that limit the dissemination of information. This generally occurs in remote areas such as Pulo Aceh region. To solve the problem, this study proposes a solution to overcome the isolation of information. The technology chosen for the dissemination of information is the Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) using High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) technology to provide the services. The implementation of HAPS technology is expected to be able to be used as an alternative for minimizing the high cost of terrestrial infrastructure investment. This discussion is devoted to the planning of implementing HAPS in Pulo Aceh to serve the needs of communication to that community. Based on ITU recommendation, the results show that the analysis of link budget calculation with elevation angle, 34.060 has met the standard requirement. It can be concluded that Pulo Aceh can be served by a single HAPS both in terms of capacity and coverage area

Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure: MELD Score 30-day Mortality Predictability and Etiology in a Pakistani Population

Background: Cirrhosis is a pathological condition that ultimately leads to liver failure. Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) has a high short term mortality rate. Viral hepatitis is the most common cause of liver failure in our local population. We carried out this study to identity the 30-day mortality and etiology of patients presenting with ACLF using Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score predictability. Methodology: This was a descriptive case series, conducted at Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan from January 31, 2018 to July 30, 2018. One hundred and eighty five patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled using 95% confidence level and 4% margin of error. Data was entered and analyzed with SPSS version 23.0. Numerical variables including age was presented by Mean ± S.D. Categorical variables i.e. gender, etiology of acute-on-chronic liver failure and 30-day mortality were presented by frequency and percentage. Data was stratified for age, gender, duration of chronic liver disease and MELD grade to address the effect modifiers. Post-stratification chi-square test was calculated using 95% significance (p≤0.05). Results: Majority of the enrolled patients were male (74.6%) while only 25.4% of the patients were female. One hundred and thirty patients (70.3%) had underlying viral hepatitis while twelve patients (6.5%) and forty three patients (23.2%) presented with alcoholic liver disease and drug-induced ACLF, respectively. Eighty patients (43.2%) died within 30 days of admission.The 30-day mortality with respect to MELD grade was statistically significant (p<0.001) with the highest mortality noted in grade-IV and thirty five patients (43.8%) dying within 30 days of admission (p<0.001). Grade-II and III MELD scores also contributed to the 30-day mortality with twenty three patients (28.8%) and nineteen patients (23.8%) dying within 30 days of admission (p<0.001). Conclusion: MELD scores are able to accurately predict the short-term mortality in patients with ACLF and viral hepatitis was the most common etiology in our population. Early detection and use of appropriate prognostic models may alleviate mortality and morbidity in paitents with ACLF

Conserved Quantities in Noncommutative Principal Chiral Model with Wess-Zumino Term

We construct noncommutative extension of U(N) principal chiral model with Wess-Zumino term and obtain an infinite set of local and non-local conserved quantities for the model using iterative procedure of Brezin {\it et.al} \cite{BIZZ}. We also present the equivalent description as Lax formalism of the model. We expand the fields perturbatively and derive zeroth- and first-order equations of motion, zero-curvature condition, iteration method, Lax formalism, local and non-local conserved quantities.Comment: 14 Page

Invariant solutions of the supersymmetric sine-Gordon equation

A comprehensive symmetry analysis of the N=1 supersymmetric sine-Gordon equation is performed. Two different forms of the supersymmetric system are considered. We begin by studying a system of partial differential equations corresponding to the coefficients of the various powers of the anticommuting independent variables. Next, we consider the super-sine-Gordon equation expressed in terms of a bosonic superfield involving anticommuting independent variables. In each case, a Lie (super)algebra of symmetries is determined and a classification of all subgroups having generic orbits of codimension 1 in the space of independent variables is performed. The method of symmetry reduction is systematically applied in order to derive invariant solutions of the supersymmetric model. Several types of algebraic, hyperbolic and doubly periodic solutions are obtained in explicit form.Comment: 27 pages, major revision, the published versio