Will present day glacier retreat increase volcanic activity? Stress induced by recent glacier retreat and its effect on magmatism at the Vatnajokull ice cap, Iceland

Global warming causes retreat of ice caps and ice sheets. Can melting glaciers trigger increased volcanic activity? Since 1890 the largest ice cap of Iceland, Vatnajokull, with an area of similar to 8000 km(2), has been continuously retreating losing about 10% of its mass during last century. Present-day uplift around the ice cap is as high as 25 mm/yr. We evaluate interactions between ongoing glacio-isostasy and current changes to mantle melting and crustal stresses at volcanoes underneath Vatnajokull. The modeling indicates that a substantial volume of new magma, similar to 0.014 km(3)/yr, is produced under Vatnajokull in response to current ice thinning. Ice retreat also induces significant stress changes in the elastic crust that may contribute to high seismicity, unusual focal mechanisms, and unusual magma movements in NW-Vatnajokull

Perceived stress and musculoskeletal pain are prevalent and significantly associated in adolescents : An epidemiological cross-sectional study

Background: Long-term musculoskeletal pain and negative stress are health risks with adverse long-term health effects, and these health risks seem to increase among young people. The mechanisms behind this are unclear. There is a need for a better understanding of perceived stress and musculoskeletal pain among adolescents, in order to improve health promotion and treatment approaches in this group. Methods: Objectives were to evaluate the current prevalence of perceived stress and musculoskeletal pain in 15 and 16 year olds, to explore stress-pain associations and the probability that perceived stress (PSQ) was related to the reporting of pain and variations in pain, and to investigate possible differences in stress between different types of musculoskeletal pain in the adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Elementary schools participated. The outcomes were stress (Perceived stress questionnaire; PSQ) and musculoskeletal pain (pain/no pain, pain sites, pain duration and pain intensity (Visual analogue scale; VAS). Results: Fifty-one point two percent (N = 422) reported pain, of which 70.8 % reported long-term pain. Some more girls (57.9 %) reported pain. 22.0 % of the study population reported moderate to severe stress (PSQ ≥ 0.45), of which 79.6 % were bothered by pain (Pearson Chi-square 38.47, p ≤ .001). All stress and pain variables were significantly associated (p < .01). The strongest association appeared between pain intensity (VAS) and stress (PSQ) (r = 0.40). Perceived stress (PSQ) was associated with the reporting of pain among the adolescents (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.68) and could explain some of the variation in pain intensity (VAS; β = 0.15, p < .001) and number of pain sites (β = 0.14, p < .01), according to the regression analyses. There were no mean differences in stress (PSQ) between different types of musculoskeletal pain. Conclusions: There was high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, long-term pain and moderate to severe stress (PSQ ≥ 0.45) in this study sample. Perceived stress (PSQ) was related to the reporting of musculoskeletal pain among the adolescents and could explain some of the variation in pain intensity (VAS) and number of pain sites. There were no differences in stress levels (PSQ) between different types of musculoskeletal pain in the adolescents.Open Access - This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated

Lens magnification by CL0024+1654 in the U and R band

[ABRIDGED] We estimate the total mass distribution of the galaxy cluster CL0024+1654 from the measured source depletion due to lens magnification in the R band. Within a radius of 0.54Mpc/h, a total projected mass of (8.1+/-3.2)*10^14 M_sol/h (EdS) is measured, which corresponds to a mass- to-light ratio of M/L(B)=470+/-180. We compute the luminosity function of CL0024+1654 in order to estimate contamination of the background source counts from cluster galaxies. Three different magnification-based reconstruction methods are employed using both local and non-local techniques. We have modified the standard single power-law slope number count theory to incorporate a break and applied this to our observations. Fitting analytical magnification profiles of different cluster models to the observed number counts, we find that the cluster is best described either by a NFW model with scale radius r_s=334+/-191 kpc/h and normalisation kappa_s=0.23+/-0.08 or a power-law profile with slope xi=0.61+/-0.11, central surface mass density kappa_0=1.52+/-0.20 and assuming a core radius of r_core=35 kpc/h. The NFW model predicts that the cumulative projected mass contained within a radius R scales as M(<R)=2.9*10^14*(R/1')^[1.3-0.5lg (R/1')] M_sol/h. Finally, we have exploited the fact that flux magnification effectively enables us to probe deeper than the physical limiting magnitude of our observations in searching for a change of slope in the U band number counts. We rule out both a total flattening of the counts with a break up to U_AB<=26.6 and a change of slope, reported by some studies, from dlog N/dm=0.4->0.15 up to U_AB<=26.4 with 95% confidence.Comment: 19 pages, 12 figures, submitted to A&A. New version includes more robust U band break analysis and contamination estimates, plus new plot

Successful resuscitation of a pulseless young woman with pulmonary embolus in rural Iceland

Neðst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinn View/Open Allur texti - Full textA 27 year old woman suffered a witnessed cardiac arrest in rural Iceland and regained pulse after one hour's resuscitation. She was transported by an air ambulance to a tertiary medical center in Reykjavik where she was diagnosed with a large pulmonary embolus. After 24 hours therapeutic hypothermia she was rewarmed and extubated two days later. She was discharged from the hospital after two weeks neurologically intact. This case illustrates that even in rural circumstances the chain of survival works if all the links are strong, with early access, early resuscitation and early advanced care.27 ára kona fékk krampakippi og varð skyndilega púlslaus á Möðrudal á Fjöllum, fjarri heilbrigðisþjónustu. Eftir klukkustundar endurlífgun þreifaðist púls að nýju. Hún var flutt með sjúkraflugi á Landspítala þar sem hún var greind með stórt blóðrek í lungum. Hún var kæld í 24 klukkustundir og útskrifaðist af sjúkrahúsi á 14. degi án skerðingar á heilastarfsemi. Jafnvel við erfiðar aðstæður fjarri heilbrigðisþjónustu getur lífskeðjan reynst sterk þegar boð um aðstoð berast hratt, endurlífgun hefst án tafar og sérhæfð meðferð er veitt eins fljótt og hægt er

Multiple effects of ice load changes and associated stress change on magmatic systems

Ice retreat on volcanoes reduces pressure at the surface of the Earth and induces stress changes in magmatic systems. The consequences can include increased generation of magma at depth, increased magma capture in the crust, and modification of failure conditions of magma chambers. We review the methodology to evaluate each of these effects, and consider the influence of ongoing ice retreat on volcanoes at the Mid-Atlantic divergent plate boundary in Iceland. Evaluation of each of these effects requires a series of assumptions regarding the rheology of the crust and mantle, and the nature of magmatic systems, contributing to relatively large uncertainty in response of a magmatic system to climate warming and associated ice retreat. Pressure release melting due to ice cap retreat in Iceland may at present times generate a similar amount of magma as plate tectonic processes; larger than realized previously. However, new modelling shows that part of this magma may be captured in the crust, rather than being erupted. Gradual retreat of ice caps do steadily modify failure conditions at magma chambers, which is highly dependent on their geometry and depth, as well as the details of ice load variations. A model is presented where long-term ice retreat at Katla volcano decreases the likelihood of eruption, as more magma is needed in the magma chamber to cause failure than in the absence of the ice retreat

Repair of distal biceps brachii tendon ruptures: long term retrospective follow-up for two-incision technique

Neðst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinn View/OpenINTRODUCTION: Rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps muscle is a rare injury. If unrepaired the patient will be left with weakness of supination of the arm and flexion in the elbow. Long term results for the 2-incision approach for tendon reinsertion are few but in this study we describe the long term, clinical, functional, and subjective results of surgical repair using the 2-incision method described by Boyd and Anderson. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients who were operated at FSA hospital during the years 1986-2000 because of rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps muscle were asked to participate in the study. Twelve of 16 patients accepted and answered the DASH questionnaire. Strength was tested with handheld dynamometer and ROM where measured. Radiograph was taken of the affected arm. RESULTS: From 1986 through 2006 we operated on 16 patients because of rupture of the distal biceps tendon, one female and 15 male. Mean age at the time of rupture was 46 years (24-53).The average follow up were seven years (1-17). Ten of 12 patients were operated within two weeks from the injuries. No difference in strength was found between operated and non-operated arms. Late repair was associated with high DASH score and poor subjective results. Six patients developed heterotopic ossification but none of them developed radioulnar synostosis. One reoperation because entrapment of the median nerve was done. CONCLUSIONS: Despite heterotopic ossification and a small ROM deficit the Boyd and Anderson technique for repair of distal biceps ruptures yields good long term results in a low volume rural hospital. Early diagnosis and tendon reinsertion is of great importance to avoid persistent anterior elbow pain and poor subjective results.Inngangur: Slit á fjærsin tvíhöfðavöðva upphandleggs (biceps brachi) er sjaldgæfur áverki og árangur af aðgerðum því lítt þekktur. Lýst er árangri af aðgerðum þar sem fjærsin tvíhöfðavöðva upphandleggs er endurfest með aðgerð kenndri við Boyd og Anderson. Þá eru notaðar tvær leiðir til að komast að sininni og endurfesta. Efniviður og aðferðir: Þeir sem höfðu slitið fjærsin tvíhöfðavöðva upphandleggs á árunum 1986-2006 og gengist undir aðgerð á Sjúkrahúsi Akureyrar voru beðnir að taka þátt í rannsókninni sem fólst í líkamsskoðun, hreyfiferils- og styrktarmælingum, svörun spurningalista og rö ntgenmyndatöku af olnboga og framhandlegg. Niðurstöður: Sextán manns (15 karlar, 1 kona), meðalaldur 46 ár (24-53) gengust undir aðgerð þar sem sinin var endurfest með aðferð Boyds og Andersons. Tólf sjúklingar samþykktu að taka þátt í rannsókninni, allt rétthendir karlmenn. Tíu af 12 sjúklingum gengust undir aðgerðina innan tveggja vikna frá áverkanum (0-80 dagar). Allar sinarnar greru eftir að þær voru endurfestar. Munur var ekki tölfræðilega marktækur á styrk í aðgerðararmi og þeim armi sem ekki var gerð aðgerð á. Meðal DASH-stigun var 11,7 sem telst lágt. Helmingur sjúklinga hafði merki um beinnýmyndun í mjúkvefjum. Ályktun: Þrátt fyrir beinnýmyndun í mjúkvefjum og væga hreyfiskerðingu í aðgerðararminum virðist langtímaárangur aðgerðartækni þeirra Boyds og Andersons góður. Rétt greining og aðgerð fljótlega eftir áverka virðist vera lykilatriði til þess að sjúklingum farnist vel

Management of patients with STEMI transported with air-ambulance to Landspitali University Hospital in Reykjavík

Neðst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinn Skoða/Opna(view/open)INTRODUCTION: A good outcome of patients presenting with STEMI (ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction) depends on early restoration of coronary blood flow. Pre-hospital fibrinolysis is recommended if primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) cannot be performed within 90 minutes of first medical contact (FMC). The purpose of this study was to study transport times for patients with STEMI who were transported with air-ambulance from the northern rural areas of Iceland to Landspitali University Hospital in Reykjavík, and to assess if the medical management was in accordance with clinical guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective chart review identified 33 patients with STEMI who were transported with air-ambulance to Landspitali University Hospital in Reykjavík during the years 2007 and 2008. RESULTS: The total time from first medical contact to arrival at Landspitali University Hospital emergency room was 3 hours and 7 minutes (median). All patients received aspirin and 26 (78.8%) received clopidogrel and enoxaparin. 16 patients (48.5%) received thrombolytic therapy in median 33 minutes after FMC and 15 patients had PPCI performed in median 4 hours and 15 minutes after FMC. Estimated PCI related delay was 3 hours and 42 minutes (median). One patient died and one was resuscitated within 30 hospital days. Mean hospital stay was 6.0 days. CONCLUSIONS: First medical contact to balloon time of less than 90 minutes is impossible for patients with STEMI transported from the northern rural areas to Landspitali University Hospital in Reykjavík. Medical therapy was in many cases suboptimal and PCI related delay too long.Inngangur:Horfur sjúklinga með brátt ST-hækkunar hjartadrep ráðast af því hversu lengi kransæð er lokuð. Ef kransæðavíkkun verður ekki viðkomið innan 90 mínútna frá komu til læknis er réttast að veita meðferð með segaleysandi lyfi. Tilgangur þessarar rannsóknar var að kanna hversu langan tíma það tók að flytja sjúklinga með STEMI af Norður- og Austurlandi á Landspítala og hvort læknismeðferð var í samræmi við klínískar leiðbeiningar. Efniviður og aðferðir: Rannsóknin er aftursýn og nær til 33 sjúklinga með STEMI frá Norður- og Austurlandi á árunum 2007 og 2008. Niðurstöður:Heildarflutningstími, frá fyrstu samskiptum við lækni í héraði inn á bráðamóttöku Landspítala, var að miðgildi 3 klukkustundir og 7 mínútur. Allir sjúklingar fengu magnýl og 26 sjúklingar (78,8%) fengu clopidogrel og enoxaparin. 16 sjúklingar (48,5%) fengu segaleysandi lyf að miðgildi 33 mínútum eftir fyrstu samskipti við lækni og 15 sjúklingar (45,5%) gengust undir bráða kransæðavíkkun (PPCI) að miðgildi 4 klukkustundum og 15 mínútum eftir fyrstu samskipti við lækni. Áætluð töf í kransæðavíkkun umfram gjöf segaleysandi lyfja var 3 klukkustundir og 42 mínútur. Einn sjúklingur lést og annar var endurlífgaður innan 30 daga eftir hjartadrep. Meðallegutími á Landspítala var 6,0 dagar. Ályktun: Ekki er mögulegt að flytja sjúklinga með ST-hækkunar hjartadrep innan 90 mínútna, frá fyrstu samskiptum við lækni frá Norður- og Austurlandi og þar til æð hefur verið víkkuð á Landspítala í Reykjavík. Lyfjameðferð var í mörgum tilfellum ófullnægjandi og töf í kransæðavíkkun umfram gjöf segaleysandi lyfja of löng

Passion, grit and mindset in the ages 14 to 77: Exploring relationship and gender differences

This study aims to investigate the relationship between passion, grit and mindset across the life span. The sample consisted of 917 participants between 14 to 77 years old. The eight item Passion Scale was used to assess passion, and the Grit-S scale to assess grit. Mindset was measured with the Theories of Intelligence Scale (TIS). The scale has 8-items. The results showed that for the group as a whole there was a significant relationship between passion and grit (r = .325); passion and mindset (r= .166) and grit and mindset (r= .167). For the female group (N = 502) the correlation was significant for the three factors: between passion and grit (r = .311), for passion and mindset (r = .195), and grit and mindset (r = .170). For the male group (N = 415) the correlation between the factors was also significant: for passion and grit (r = . 362), for passion and mindset (r = . 161), and grit and mindset (r = . 163). For the youngest age groups (14–19, 20–36, 37–53) the correlation between passion and grit was significant: 14–19: r = .588; 20–36: r = .317; 37–53: r = . 491. For the two oldest age groups the correlation was not significant. For passion and mindset the correlation was significant for the two youngest age group only. 14–19: r = .226; 20–36: r = . 161. For grit and mindset there was significant correlation for age group 2 only. 20–36: r = . 195). These findings might be potentially important for better understanding of the relationship between these constructs positively related to learning, achievement, well-being and life satisfaction.publishedVersio

Support for involvement of the AHI1 locus in schizophrenia

To access publisher full text version of this article. Please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links fieldRecently, markers in the Abelson Helper Integration Site 1 (AHI1) region were shown to be associated with schizophrenia in a family sample of Israeli-Arabs. Here, we report a study evaluating the relevance of the AHI1 region to schizophrenia in an Icelandic sample. Seven markers shown to confer risk in the previous report were typed in 608 patients diagnosed with broad schizophrenia and 1,504 controls. Odds ratios for the overtransmitted alleles in the Israeli-Arab families ranged from 1.15 to 1.29 in the Icelandic sample. After Bonferroni correction for the seven markers tested, two markers were significantly associated with schizophrenia. Thus, our results are in general agreement with the previous report, with the strongest association signal observed in a region upstream of the AHI1 gene