Materialidade Institucional e orçamento público: fundamentos da natureza relacional do Estado Capitalista

XX Encontro Nacional de Economia Política: desenvolvimento Latino-Americano, Integração e Inserção Internacional - UNILA, Foz do Iguaçu, 26 a 29 de maio de 2015O artigo apresenta o conceito de materialidade do estado formulado por Poulantzas e propõe sua redefinição considerando que tal materialidade se realiza a partir da movimentação de parcela da renda gerada realizada por parte do Estado por meio do arranjo institucional orçamentário. Na sequência, mostra como este arranjo atua no modo e sentido de acumulação de riquezas, bem como no embate de interesses que a impulsionaBanco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES); Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu (ITAIPU); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA

A materialidade do estado: a relação da movimentação de recursos públicos com a acumulação capitalista de riqueza

This thesis aims to demonstrate how the State is inserted within the capitals valorization process by moving part of the surplus generated under market relations, through budgetary and monetary institutional arrangement, appropriating it through compulsory contributions, and redirecting and redistributing it in the form of state income transfers and collective consumption goods, which recompose labor's and capital's income. The approach is based on the critical analysis of Nico Poulantzas as well of the strategic-relational approach's (and its affiliation to the Theory of Regulation) interpretation of the relational nature of the State, pointing their epistemological retrenchment from the Marxist point of view. In this perspective, the analysis discusses how income's moving by the State deals with the wealth accumulation, by means of an institutional materiality, which historically was forged as State to enable the state capacities, and it is headed by a strategic selectivity, which determines the conflicts of interest and therefore the material condensation under the principle of governmental actions value of use disconnection.The thesis also describes the evolution of the capitalist state's materiality, performing the historical evolution of income moving by States and of the budgetary arrangement since nineteenth century, and analyzing, from public income and expenditure data, the changing patterns of the materiality in U.S. and UK since the early twentieth century, as well as in a set of selected countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - OECD over the past three decades.Esta tese tem como objetivo demonstrar como o Estado se insere no processo de valorização do capital, a partir da movimentação que realiza, por meio do arranjo institucional orçamentário e monetário, de parte do excedente gerado sob relações mercantis, apropriando-o por meio de contribuições compulsórias, e redirecionando-o e redistribuindo-o na forma de transferências estatais de renda e de bens de consumo coletivo, que recompõem a renda de trabalho e capital. A abordagem é empreendida com base na análise crítica da interpretação de Nico Poulantzas e da abordagem estratégico-relacional- e sua filiação à Teoria da Regulação - da natureza relacional do Estado, apontando suas limitações epistemológicas do ponto de vista marxista. Nesta perspectiva, a análise problematiza como a movimentação de renda realizada desde o Estado se articula com a acumulação de riquezas, a partir de uma materialidade institucional, que historicamente se forjou enquanto Estado para a viabilização de capacidades estatais e se orienta por uma seletividade estratégica, que condiciona os embates de interesse e, portanto, a condensação material segundo o princípio de desconexão do valor de uso das ações governamentais. A tese caracteriza também a evolução da materialidade do Estado capitalista, realizando o histórico da movimentação de renda por parte dos Estados e do arranjo orçamentário desde o século XIX, e analisando, a partir de dados de receita e despesa, a evolução dos padrões de materialidade nos Estados Unidos e Reino Unido desde o início do século XX, bem como de um conjunto de países selecionados da Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico - OCDE nas últimas três décadas

Influence of Rock-Pool Characteristics on the Distribution and Abundance of Inter-Tidal Fishes

Rock pools can be found in inter-tidal marine environments worldwide; however, there have been few studies exploring what drives their, fish species composition, especially in Australia. The rock-pool environment is highly dynamic and offers a unique natural laboratory to study the habitat choices, physiological limitations and adaptations of inter-tidal fish species. In this study rock pools of the Sydney region were sampled to determine how the physical (volume, depth, rock cover and vertical position) and biological (algal cover and predator presence) parameters of pools influence fish distribution and abundance. A total of 27 fish species representing 14 families was observed in tide pools at the four study locations. The five most abundant species were Bathygobius cocosensis, Centropogon australis, Enneapterygius atrogulare, Lepidoblennius haplodactylus and Microcanthus strigatus, which together represented 71% of the total number of fish recorded. Larger rock pools containing more algal and rock ledge cover hosted a larger and more diverse population of fish. Furthermore, certain species were only found in pools with specific characteristics, such as the presence of loose shells, a variety algae or rock cover, suggesting a high degree of habitat specificity. By contrast, some species were ubiquitous and thus can likely tolerate a wide variety of physical conditions

The swimmingpool - from a statussymbol in the 20th century to a common phenomenon

Seit der Industrialisierung kam es bedingt durch die wirtschaftlichen und somit auch politischen und sozialen Ver\ue4nderungen unter anderem zur Aufweichung der Standesgrenzen. Teils verst\ue4rkten sich sichtbare, materielle Statussymbole und teils verloren bzw. ver\ue4nderten Statussymbole ihre Bedeutung. Durch das Zeigen solcher Statussymbole dr\ufcckt/e man seine Zugeh\uf6rigkeit zu einer sozialen Gruppierung aus. Ein weiterer Faktor, auf den eingegangen wird, ist das Entstehen einer Freizeitkultur. Freizeit ist ein wesentlicher Begriff unserer heutigen Zeit, der auf eine lange Historie zur\ufcckblickt. Der Begriff \u201eFreizeit\u201c tauchte im Jahr 1350 das erste Mal im Sprachgebrauch als \u201eFrey-zeyt\u201c auf. Freizeit, wie sie heute verstanden wird, entwickelte sich parallel zur Entstehung der modernen Arbeitswelt. In den 20er Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts entstanden im Zuge des ersten B\ue4derbooms in Amerika zahlreiche \uf6ffentliche Poolanlagen. Der Trend hin zum privaten Pool als Statussymbol begann in den 1940er Jahren und schwappte kurze Zeit sp\ue4ter nach Europa \ufcber. H. Dickmann schreibt \ufcber den Trend, dass mit wachsendem, finanziellem Wohlstand die Zahl der Poolanlagen im privaten Bereich ansteigen werde. F\ufcnfzig Jahre danach schwebt \u2013 laut einer \uf6sterreichischen Wohnstudie (2012) \u2013 beinahe jedem/r Zweiten/r heute ein eigener Pool vor. Um den allgemeinen Trend best\ue4tigen zu k\uf6nnen, wird im Speziellen auf die Vielfalt der Angebotspalette von Swimmingpools sowie dessen Zubeh\uf6r fokussiert.Im Mittelpunkt der empirischen Forschung steht die qualitative Analyse, wobei insbesondere das halbstandardisierte und problemzentrierte Interview verwendet wurde. F\ufcr die Heraus-arbeitung der Forschungsergebnisse wurde die Inhaltsanalyse nach Ph. Mayring als Untersuchungsmethode gew\ue4hlt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Frage zu beantworten, ob der Swimmingpool bedingt durch das vielf\ue4ltige, leistbar gewordene Produktangebot zu einem allt\ue4glichen Ph\ue4nomen im 21. Jahrhundert z\ue4hlt.The affiliation to a social group has often been expressed by showing status symbols. Since the industrialization economic, political and social changes have led to a weakening of social boundaries. Certain visible, material status symbols have become more important while others have partly changed or lost their meanings. Another factor, which will be discussed, is the developing of a leisure culture. \u2018Leisure\u2019 is an essential term of our time and has a long history. The term "free time" appeared for the first time in 1350 as "Frey zeyt". The concept of leisure, as known today, has developed in parallel with the emergence of the modern workplace.In the 20s of the last century many public pools emerged as part of the first \u2018pool boom\u2019 in America. The trend towards a private pool as a status symbol began in the 1940s and spread to Europe a short time later. H. Dickmann prognosticated that the number of pools would rise in the private sector with increasing financial wealth. Today, fifty years later - according to an Austrian living study (2012) -, almost every second Austrian thinks about pool ownership. In order to confirm the general trend the wide range of swimming pools and accessories will be described.The empirical research focuses on a qualitative analysis, in particular the semi-structured and problem-centered interview is used. For the elaboration of the research findings the content analysis according to Ph. Mayring is chosen as research method.The goal of this study was to answer the question whether the pool has become an everyday phenomenon in the 21st century due to the wide array of products at affordable prices.eingereicht von Mag. phil. Helene SilberschneiderAbweichender Titel laut cbersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersAbstracts auf Deutsch und EnglischDissertation Karl-Franzens-Universit\ue4t Graz, Institut f\ufcr Volkskunde und Kulturanthropologie 2015 6

Dialectical behavioral therapy in occupational therapy for people with borderline: Challenges and success factors in the transfer to everyday life

Hintergrund: In Österreich erfüllen rund drei Prozent der Bevölkerung die Kriterien einer Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung, was mit Herausforderungen im Alltag einhergeht. Die Dialektisch-Behaviorale Therapie stellt einen der wirksamsten Behandlungsansätze für diese Diagnose dar. Bei Schwierigkeiten in der alltagsnahen Anwendung der erlernten DBT Fertigkeiten kann die Ergotherapie unterstützen. Bislang fehlt es an wissenschaftlichen Studien, welche die Verknüpfung der Ergotherapie und DBT darstellen. Ziel: Das Ziel dieser empirischen Arbeit ist die Darstellung der Herausforderungen im Alltagstransfer und welche möglichen Lösungsstrategien die Ergotherapie anbieten kann. Methodik: Zur Darstellung des Hintergrunds wurde ergotherapeutische und medizinische Grundlagenliteratur sowie wissenschaftliche Studien aus Bezugswissenschaften herangezogen. Empirische Daten wurden in vier Expert*inneninterviews mit fünf Ergotherapeut*innen, die mit Betroffenen nach dem DBT-Konzept arbeiten, gesammelt. Die empirisch erhobenen Ergebnisse wurden mit der Grundlagenliteratur sowie dem aktuellen Forschungsstand in Verbindung gebracht und diskutiert. Ergebnisse: Die Expert*inneninterviews zeigen, dass es vielfältige Herausforderungen beim Alltagstransfer von erlernten DBT-Skills gibt. Jedoch zeigt sich, dass intrinsische Motivation, das Erkennen der Sinnhaftigkeit, das Schaffen von Struktur im Alltag und regelmäßiges Dokumentieren von Empfindungen, kreative/visuelle Methoden, ein praktisches Ausprobieren in Alltagssituationen, ein stabiles soziales Umfeld, regelmäßige Reflexion und Beziehungsgestaltung Lösungsansätze sein können. Conclusio: Ergotherapeutische Strategien können Betroffenen helfen Fertigkeiten besser in den Alltag zu integrieren. Dies zeigt, dass die Ergotherapie einen wesentlichen Beitrag in der Behandlung von Menschen mit BPS und in der Anwendung der DBT leistet. Dabei ist es wichtig die Individualität und spezifischen Herausforderungen der Patient*innen zu beachten. Weitere Forschung könnte sich auf den Alltagstransfer vom stationären Setting konzentrieren, um wissenschaftlich fundierte Erkenntnisse für die Praxis zu erweitern.Background: In Austria, around three percent of the population fulfil the criteria for borderline personality disorder, which is associated with challenges in everyday life. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy is one of the most effective treatment approaches for this diagnosis. Occupational therapy can help with the challenge of applying the DBT skills learned in everyday life. To date, there has been a lack of scientific studies demonstrating the link between occupational therapy and DBT. Aim: The aim of this empirical study is to describe the challenges involved in the transfer to everyday life and what solution strategies occupational therapy can offer. Methods: Occupational therapy and medical literature as well as scientific studies from related disciplines were used to present the background. Empirical data was collected in four expert interviews with five occupational therapists who work with patients using DBT. The empirically collected results were compared with the foundational literature and the current state of research and discussed. Results: The interviews show that there are various challenges in the transfer of learned DBT skills. However, intrinsic motivation, recognizing meaningfulness, creating structure in everyday life and regularly documenting feelings, creative/visual methods, practical experimentation in everyday situations, a stable social environment, regular reflection and relationship building can be approaches to addressing these problems. Conclusion: Occupational therapy strategies can help individuals with BPD to better integrate skills into everyday life. This shows that occupational therapy makes a significant contribution in the treatment of people with BPD and in the application of DBT. It is important to consider the individuality and specific challenges of patients. Further research could focus on the transfer of everyday life from the inpatient setting, to expand scientifically sound findings for practice

The swimmingpool - from a statussymbol in the 20th century to a common phenomenon

Seit der Industrialisierung kam es bedingt durch die wirtschaftlichen und somit auch politischen und sozialen Veränderungen unter anderem zur Aufweichung der Standesgrenzen. Teils verstärkten sich sichtbare, materielle Statussymbole und teils verloren bzw. veränderten Statussymbole ihre Bedeutung. Durch das Zeigen solcher Statussymbole drückt/e man seine Zugehörigkeit zu einer sozialen Gruppierung aus. Ein weiterer Faktor, auf den eingegangen wird, ist das Entstehen einer Freizeitkultur. Freizeit ist ein wesentlicher Begriff unserer heutigen Zeit, der auf eine lange Historie zurückblickt. Der Begriff „Freizeit“ tauchte im Jahr 1350 das erste Mal im Sprachgebrauch als „Frey-zeyt“ auf. Freizeit, wie sie heute verstanden wird, entwickelte sich parallel zur Entstehung der modernen Arbeitswelt. In den 20er Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts entstanden im Zuge des ersten Bäderbooms in Amerika zahlreiche öffentliche Poolanlagen. Der Trend hin zum privaten Pool als Statussymbol begann in den 1940er Jahren und schwappte kurze Zeit später nach Europa über. H. Dickmann schreibt über den Trend, dass mit wachsendem, finanziellem Wohlstand die Zahl der Poolanlagen im privaten Bereich ansteigen werde. Fünfzig Jahre danach schwebt – laut einer österreichischen Wohnstudie (2012) – beinahe jedem/r Zweiten/r heute ein eigener Pool vor. Um den allgemeinen Trend bestätigen zu können, wird im Speziellen auf die Vielfalt der Angebotspalette von Swimmingpools sowie dessen Zubehör fokussiert.Im Mittelpunkt der empirischen Forschung steht die qualitative Analyse, wobei insbesondere das halbstandardisierte und problemzentrierte Interview verwendet wurde. Für die Heraus-arbeitung der Forschungsergebnisse wurde die Inhaltsanalyse nach Ph. Mayring als Untersuchungsmethode gewählt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Frage zu beantworten, ob der Swimmingpool bedingt durch das vielfältige, leistbar gewordene Produktangebot zu einem alltäglichen Phänomen im 21. Jahrhundert zählt.The affiliation to a social group has often been expressed by showing status symbols. Since the industrialization economic, political and social changes have led to a weakening of social boundaries. Certain visible, material status symbols have become more important while others have partly changed or lost their meanings. Another factor, which will be discussed, is the developing of a leisure culture. ‘Leisure’ is an essential term of our time and has a long history. The term "free time" appeared for the first time in 1350 as "Frey zeyt". The concept of leisure, as known today, has developed in parallel with the emergence of the modern workplace.In the 20s of the last century many public pools emerged as part of the first ‘pool boom’ in America. The trend towards a private pool as a status symbol began in the 1940s and spread to Europe a short time later. H. Dickmann prognosticated that the number of pools would rise in the private sector with increasing financial wealth. Today, fifty years later - according to an Austrian living study (2012) -, almost every second Austrian thinks about pool ownership. In order to confirm the general trend the wide range of swimming pools and accessories will be described.The empirical research focuses on a qualitative analysis, in particular the semi-structured and problem-centered interview is used. For the elaboration of the research findings the content analysis according to Ph. Mayring is chosen as research method.The goal of this study was to answer the question whether the pool has become an everyday phenomenon in the 21st century due to the wide array of products at affordable prices.eingereicht von Mag. phil. Helene SilberschneiderAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersAbstracts auf Deutsch und EnglischDissertation Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Institut für Volkskunde und Kulturanthropologie 2015 6

The use of headphones and the new individualism

A presente dissertação tem como intuito investigar os ouvintes de fones de ouvidos e compreender a relação entre esses indivíduos e seus aparelhos. A pesquisa investiga a sociedade contemporânea através do fenômeno \"Era Digital\", juntamente com bibliografias a respeito de um tipo ideal de \"novo individualismo\" que abre campo para novas modalidades de interação entre \"humano-máquina\". Os elementos sociotécnicos de aparelhos de reprodução sonora são investigados através de uma breve análise histórica e possibilitam que o leitor e leitora perceba como o ato de escutar, no Ocidente, foi se direcionando a esferas privadas e de intimidade de cada ouvinte. Através de um jogo de escalas, a pesquisa também conta com um estudo de caso com alunos de ensino médio e inclui observações de campo, análises quantitativas e qualitativas que dialogam com a literatura e ilustram algumas maneiras pelas quais os fones de ouvido são manipulados por millenials em São Paulo. A hipótese segue: os fones de ouvido na atualidade \"encapsulam\" seus usuários, ao oferecerem uma nova perspectiva de construção e experimentação das realidades individuais. Isto é, o fone de ouvido possibilita que seu ouvinte se feche para o mundo, mas por outro lado esse aparelho fornece uma gama de realidades a serem acessadas em qualquer momento e lugar. A conclusão consiste na verificação de que o encapsulamento pelos fones ocorre, não como um simples isolamento social ou solidão, mas como um processo atrelado a profundas mudanças no que significa ser social e se socializar nos dias de hoje.This dissertation aims to investigate the listeners of headphones and understand the relation between these individuals and their devices. Therefore, it investigates contemporary society through the phenomenon \"Digital Era\", along with referencies about an ideal type of \"new individualism\" that opens the way for new forms of interaction \"human-machine\". We look to the sociotechnical elements of audio devices and investigate them through a brief historical analysis which allows the reader to understand how the act of listening, in the West, turned to address private spheres and the intimacy of each listener. As from a game of scales, the research includes a case study with teenager students which consists in field observation and quantitative and qualitative analyzes that dialogue with the literature and illustrate some ways in which millennials handle headphones in Sao Paulo. The hypothesis is that headphones nowadays \"encapsulate\" their users, by offering a new perspective on the construction and experimentation of individual realities. That is: on the one hand, headphones allow its listener to shut himself off from the world, but on the other hand this device provides a range of realities for access at any time and place. The conclusion consists in verifying that the \"encapsulation/cocooning\" by the headphones occurs, not as a simple social isolation, but as a process linked to profound changes in what it means to be social and to socialize today

Characterization andanalysis of microtargeted political advertising in Brazil: a case study of advertisements Running on Meta Technologies

Social networks have become the source of information for Brazilians. As a result, most politicians, public figures and political candidates use online advertising platforms to spread their values and political messages. Since 2018, the Meta company (former Facebook company) has made available an Ad Library that provides advertising transparency for its products, such as Facebook and Instagram, to avoid interference in elections and other political issues. In this work, we provide a characterization of ad data in Brazil to understand the dynamics of political ads on Facebook and Instagram, as malicious advertisers can use the platforms resources to influence the Brazilian political and social environment. Such an analysis is crucial for understanding the types of ads that Meta selects for the data library, since there are ads chosen to integrate the library through an algorithm, which is not fully known. We analyzed 2,981,807 ads and their metrics for impressions and money spent, focusing on election periods. Our analysis shows that each year, advertisers spend more money on ads during election periods, with growth between the first and second rounds of elections. In addition, we identified the advertisers who invested the most in ads on Facebook and Instagram, and which types of ads had a high investment. Finally, we made an analysis of the textual content of advertisements, through topic modeling, to understand which subjects are most invested in election periods.As redes sociais têm se tornado cada vez mais a fonte de informação dos brasileiros. A maioria dos políticos, figuras públicas e candidatos políticos utilizam plataformas de publicidade online para divulgar seus valores e mensagens políticas. Desde 2018, a empresa Meta (antiga empresa Facebook), disponibiliza uma Biblioteca de Anúncios que fornece transparência publicitária de seus produtos, como Facebook e Instagram, para evitar interferências em eleições e outras questões políticas. Considerando isso, neste trabalho, fornecemos uma caracterização dos dados de anúncios no Brasil para entender a dinâmica dos anúncios políticos no Facebook e Instagram, visto que os anunciantes mal-intencionados podem utilizar os recursos das plataformas para influenciar o ambiente político e social brasileiro. Tal análise é crucial para o entendimento dos tipos de anúncios que a Meta seleciona para a biblioteca de dados, pois existem anúncios que são escolhidos para integrar a biblioteca através de um algoritmo, que não é totalmente conhecido. Analisamos 2.981.807 anúncios e suas métricas de impressões e dinheiro gasto, com foco nos períodos eleitorais. Nossas análises mostram que a cada ano os anunciantes investiram mais dinheiro com anúncios nos períodos eleitorais, observando um crescimento entre o primeiro e segundo turno das eleições. Além disso, identificamos quem são os anunciantes que mais investem em anúncios no Facebook e Instagram, e que tipos de anúncios envolveram alto investimento para execução. Por fim, realizamos a análise do conteúdo textual das propagandas, através de uma modelagem de tópicos, para compreender quais assuntos são objeto de maior investimento nos períodos eleitorais.2023-10-1