Les caractéristiques et les contraintes des PME chinoises dans le processus d'internationalisation : cas de la province du Zhejiang

Dans le contexte compétitif de la mondialisation, l'internationalisation est perçue comme une stratégie de croissance et un moyen de survie incontournable pour un nombre grandissant de PME. Toutes les tendances récentes de l'économie et des pratiques nouvelles des entreprises chinoises convergent vers ce concept d'internationalisation qui suggère l'arrivé de nouvelles opportunités et de nouveaux challenges pour le développement des PME chinoises. L'objet de cet article est d'étudier les principales contraintes rencontrées par les PME chinoises dans leur processus d'internationalisation en prenant comme cas la province du Zhejiang. Sur la base d'une présentation des caractéristiques des PME chinoises montrées au cours des années de développement international, nous essaierons d'analyser les principales contraintes des PME chinoises dans le processus d'internationalisation. Nous proposerons en conclusion des angles de réflexion sur les stratégies d'internationalisation qui pourront être développés par les PME chinoises

Polymorphisms of the _ENPP1_ gene are not associated with type 2 diabetes or obesity in the Chinese Han population

*Objective:* Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and with a major feature of insulin resistance. Genetic association studies have suggested that _ENPP1_ might play a potential role in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and obesity. Our study aimed to examine the association between _ENPP1_ and type 2 diabetes and obesity.

*Design:* Association study between two SNPs, rs1044498 (K121Q) and rs7754561 of ENPP1 and diabetes and obesity in the Chinese Han population.

*Subjects:* 1912 unrelated patients (785 male and 1127 female with a mean age 63.8 ± 9 years), 236 IFG/IGT subjects (83 male and 153 female with a mean age 64 ± 9 years) and 2041 controls (635 male and 1406 female with a mean age 58 ± 9 years).
 
*Measurements:* Subjects were genotyped for two SNPs using TaqMan technology on an ABI7900 system and tested by regression analysis.

*Results:* By logistic regression analysis, rs1044498 (K121Q) and rs7754561 showed no statistical association with type 2 diabetes, obesity under additive, dominant and recessive models either before or after adjusting for sex and age. Haplotype analysis found a marginal association of haplotype C-G (p=0.05) which was reported in the previous study.

*Conclusion:* Our investigation did not replicated the positive association found previously and suggested that the polymorphisms of _ENPP1_ might not play a major role in the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes or obesity in the Chinese Han population

Relation of Dietary Carbohydrates Intake to Circulating Sex Hormone-binding Globulin Levels in Postmenopausal Women

Background Low circulating levels of sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) have been shown to be a direct and strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hormone‐dependent cancers, although the relationship between various aspects of dietary carbohydrates and SHBG levels remains unexplored in population studies. Methods Among postmenopausal women with available SHBG measurements at baseline (n = 11 159) in the Women's Health Initiative, a comprehensive assessment was conducted of total dietary carbohydrates, glycemic load (GL), glycemic index (GI), fiber, sugar, and various carbohydrate‐abundant foods in relation to circulating SHBG levels using multiple linear regressions adjusting for potential covariates. Linear trend was tested across quartiles of dietary variables. Benjamini and Hochberg's procedure was used to calculate the false discovery rate for multiple comparisons. Results Higher dietary GL and GI (both based on total and available carbohydrates) and a higher intake of sugar and sugar‐sweetened beverages were associated with lower circulating SHBG concentrations (all P trend < 0.05; Q ‐values = 0.04,0.01, 0.07, 0.10, 0.01, and <0.0001, respectively). In contrast, women with a greater intake of dietary fiber tended to have elevated SHBG levels (P trend = 0.01, Q ‐value = 0.04). There was no significant association between total carbohydrates or other carbohydrate‐abundant foods and SHBG concentrations. Conclusions The findings suggest that low GL or GI diets with low sugar and high fiber content may be associated with higher serum SHBG concentrations among postmenopausal women. Future studies investigating whether lower GL or GI diets increase SHBG concentrations are warranted

Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BACKGROUND: Guidelines recommend exercise for cardiovascular health, although evidence from trials linking exercise to cardiovascular health through intermediate biomarkers remains inconsistent. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to quantify the impact of exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness and a variety of conventional and novel cardiometabolic biomarkers in adults without cardiovascular disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two researchers selected 160 randomized controlled trials (7487 participants) based on literature searches of Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central (January 1965 to March 2014). Data were extracted using a standardized protocol. A random-effects meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted to evaluate the effects of exercise interventions on cardiorespiratory fitness and circulating biomarkers. Exercise significantly raised absolute and relative cardiorespiratory fitness. Lipid profiles were improved in exercise groups, with lower levels of triglycerides and higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1. Lower levels of fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c were found in exercise groups. Compared with controls, exercise groups had higher levels of interleukin-18 and lower levels of leptin, fibrinogen, and angiotensin II. In addition, we found that the exercise effects were modified by age, sex, and health status such that people aged <50 years, men, and people with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or metabolic syndrome appeared to benefit more. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis showed that exercise significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness and some cardiometabolic biomarkers. The effects of exercise were modified by age, sex, and health status. Findings from this study have significant implications for future design of targeted lifestyle interventions

Spectroscopic Evidence of Type II Weyl Semimetal State in WTe2

Quantum topological materials, exemplified by topological insulators, three-dimensional Dirac semimetals and Weyl semimetals, have attracted much attention recently because of their unique electronic structure and physical properties. Very lately it is proposed that the three-dimensional Weyl semimetals can be further classified into two types. In the type I Weyl semimetals, a topologically protected linear crossing of two bands, i.e., a Weyl point, occurs at the Fermi level resulting in a point-like Fermi surface. In the type II Weyl semimetals, the Weyl point emerges from a contact of an electron and a hole pocket at the boundary resulting in a highly tilted Weyl cone. In type II Weyl semimetals, the Lorentz invariance is violated and a fundamentally new kind of Weyl Fermions is produced that leads to new physical properties. WTe2 is interesting because it exhibits anomalously large magnetoresistance. It has ignited a new excitement because it is proposed to be the first candidate of realizing type II Weyl Fermions. Here we report our angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) evidence on identifying the type II Weyl Fermion state in WTe2. By utilizing our latest generation laser-based ARPES system with superior energy and momentum resolutions, we have revealed a full picture on the electronic structure of WTe2. Clear surface state has been identified and its connection with the bulk electronic states in the momentum and energy space shows a good agreement with the calculated band structures with the type II Weyl states. Our results provide spectroscopic evidence on the observation of type II Weyl states in WTe2. It has laid a foundation for further exploration of novel phenomena and physical properties in the type II Weyl semimetals.Comment: 16 Pages, 4 Figure

SNPHunter: a bioinformatic software for single nucleotide polymorphism data acquisition and management

BACKGROUND: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) provide an important tool in pinpointing susceptibility genes for complex diseases and in unveiling human molecular evolution. Selection and retrieval of an optimal SNP set from publicly available databases have emerged as the foremost bottlenecks in designing large-scale linkage disequilibrium studies, particularly in case-control settings. RESULTS: We describe the architectural structure and implementations of a novel software program, SNPHunter, which allows for both ad hoc-mode and batch-mode SNP search, automatic SNP filtering, and retrieval of SNP data, including physical position, function class, flanking sequences at user-defined lengths, and heterozygosity from NCBI dbSNP. The SNP data extracted from dbSNP via SNPHunter can be exported and saved in plain text format for further down-stream analyses. As an illustration, we applied SNPHunter for selecting SNPs for 10 major candidate genes for type 2 diabetes, including CAPN10, FABP4, IL6, NOS3, PPARG, TNF, UCP2, CRP, ESR1, and AR. CONCLUSION: SNPHunter constitutes an efficient and user-friendly tool for SNP screening, selection, and acquisition. The executable and user's manual are available at

Lesson Design Of Geometric Sequences Based On The 6-Question Cognitive Theory

The effective teaching design of mathematics should be designed carefully by teachers according to the situation of students' learning and the analysis of teaching materials. Its teaching design should run through the origin and development of knowledge generation, and reasonably ensure the continuity and integrity of teaching. Based on the theory of "6-Question Cognitive Theory", This research using development method with steps to make comparisons between the this paper attempts to make a comparison between the "equal ratio sequence" and the "equal ratio sequence". Results in this study show that The teaching design of "6-Question Cognitive Theory" knowledge embodies the coherence, completeness and operability of the teaching design from six aspects: where the mathematical knowledge comes from, the essence of the knowledge, the connection and difference between the new knowledge and the old knowledge, the transformation of the knowledge, how to apply the knowledge and the process of reflecting the knowledge generation, so as to provide a theoretical and practical reference for the teaching design of high school mathematics Tes

Learning the Positions in CountSketch

We consider sketching algorithms which first compress data by multiplication with a random sketch matrix, and then apply the sketch to quickly solve an optimization problem, e.g., low-rank approximation and regression. In the learning-based sketching paradigm proposed by~\cite{indyk2019learning}, the sketch matrix is found by choosing a random sparse matrix, e.g., CountSketch, and then the values of its non-zero entries are updated by running gradient descent on a training data set. Despite the growing body of work on this paradigm, a noticeable omission is that the locations of the non-zero entries of previous algorithms were fixed, and only their values were learned. In this work, we propose the first learning-based algorithms that also optimize the locations of the non-zero entries. Our first proposed algorithm is based on a greedy algorithm. However, one drawback of the greedy algorithm is its slower training time. We fix this issue and propose approaches for learning a sketching matrix for both low-rank approximation and Hessian approximation for second order optimization. The latter is helpful for a range of constrained optimization problems, such as LASSO and matrix estimation with a nuclear norm constraint. Both approaches achieve good accuracy with a fast running time. Moreover, our experiments suggest that our algorithm can still reduce the error significantly even if we only have a very limited number of training matrices.Comment: Corrected the proof of Theorem 5.1. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2007.0989

CT and MRI Imaging Features and Grades of Liver Iron Deposition

CT and MRI imaging features and grades of liver iron deposition（LID）were discussed and evaluated in clinical application.The imaging and laboratory data of 20 patients with LID were analyzed retrospectively. CT value of liver were measured and MR signal intensity ratio of muscle/liver calculated.A new imaging grade of LID were made with CT and MR, and the grade correlation was analyzed between CT, MR and SF. All of 20 patients with LID, 19 cases were CT examination, their CT value ranging of liver were from 55HU to 116HU, of which more than 72HU were in 7 cases and 72HU or less in 12. 14 cases were MR examination with the low signal of liver, and the inverse phase signal of T1WI was higher than that of the positive phase. There were no significant difference among the grade of CT, T1WI, T2WI and SF (P>0.05), and there were the positive correlation of grade between CT, T1WI, T2WI and SF (rs=0.803,0.847,0.677 respectively), and of values between CT, T1WI SIR, T2WI SIR and SF(rs=0.454, 0.538, 0.811 respectively). CT can show the LID with high-density, but the mild LID can be with normal density, which is the false negative. MRI can show LID with low-signal, of which T2WI is the lower than T1WI, it is beneficial to diagnose the early LID. Grades of CT and MR have good consistent with that of SF, and can reflect the severity of LID, particularly that of MR-T1WI grading