How to measure the economic impacts of mega-events - the example of the World Economic Forum in Davos

The number, diversity and popularity of events has increased in the recent years. The question of the concrete economic effects for the location and the surrounding region becomes therefore more and more important. Because every economic activity whether a public intervention or an economic action causes changes in the consumer demand. To measure the economic effects of events you can use different scientific methods. Using the traditional methodological approaches like the input-output-analysis, the cost-benefit analysis or the financial mathematics you can exclusively point out the monetary effects which are directly connected with the event. On the other hand the longterm intangible effects could only be included partially. However the ascertainment of the intangible and longterm effects like the meaning of competences and the learning of regions has become more and more important for the analysis of the spatial effects of mega-events in the recent years. The example of the Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos shows how the direct as well as the indirect effects of events could be worked out based on the spatial incidence analysis. The incidence analysis is a kind of cost-benefit analysis which is especially suited for analysing the spatial effects of infrastructural facilities or the service of these facilities. Another advantage is that you can present the results relatively transparent and coherent. Strict-talken the incidence analysis is a systematic to the ?problem-related? and spatial order of accounting and statistical information. It considers the basic principles of economic impact analysis, especially focussing on the clearly spatial and textual correlation of the cash flows. In spite of certain methodological and theoretical deficits the spatial incidence analysis seems to be qualified for the presented analysis as a methodological basis. In the context of the the incidence analysis, the theoretical guidelines were adapted to the specific facts of the Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum. The question of the direct and indirect effects of the World Economic Forum was pointed out as the center of the analysis. Considering the direct effects you focus on the receipts and expenditures which are directly connected with the realisation of the event. The indirect effects could be devided into the so called tangible and intangible effects. Tangible effects are measurable as indirect economic effects. These are the so called spill-over effects. The intangible effects could be explained as soft and mostly not quantifiable effects. Normally these effects are distinguished between image effects (positive and negative), infrastructure-, structure-, competence- and network effects. These effects often cause a clearly higher contribution to the development of an event location than the direct monetary amount to the regional national income. To analyse these effects we used a combination based on a demand-oriented and supply-oriented approach to calculate the whole transaction volume of the event. Spatially we differed between the effects concerning Davos itself, the region of Graubünden and the rest of Switzerland

Die mobile Freizeitgestaltung: Konsequenzen für die Infrastrukturplanung

In der Freizeitgesellschaft können seit einigen Jahren starke Veränderungen festgestellt werden, die sich im alltäglichen Freizeitverhalten der Bevölkerung und auch in deren Reiseverhalten äußern. Für die auch direkt vor Ort feststellbaren Veränderungen der Freizeitgesellschaft sind hier vor allem die Faktoren Mobilität, Zeitverfügbarkeit und auch die neuen IuK-Technologien von großer Bedeutung. Diese Faktoren führen zu einer zunehmenden Konzentration der Freizeitaktivitäten auf einzelne Standorte und dazu, dass deren Nutzung stärker als bisher auch zeitlich konzentriert auftritt. Gleichzeitig ist die Mobilität im Freizeitbereich in den vergangenen Jahren erheblich angestiegen, sowohl was die durchschnittliche Reichweite als auch deren Häufigkeit angeht. Der motorisierte Individualverkehr stellt dabei das zentrale Verkehrsmittel dar, eine Verlagerung ist nur sehr begrenzt möglich. Aus diesen Entwicklungen entstehen vielfältige Herausforderungen für die Raumordnungs- und Infrastrukturplanung, um hier möglicherweise negativen Effekten entgegenzuwirken.Major changes have been underway in the leisure society for a number of years, most clearly evident in changes in the day-to-day leisuretime behaviour of the general public and in their travel patterns. The most important factors here with regard to the changes which are directly observable at the local level are mobility, the amount of disposable time, and information and communication technologies. These factors are contributing to the increasing concentration of leisure activities on specific locations, and equally to a higher degree of temporal concentration than was previously the case. Mobility in the leisure sector has also increased considerably over recent years, both in terms of the average distance travelled and the frequency of trips. The main form of transport here is the private car; there is only very limited scope for a shift to other modes of transport. These developments pose a variety of challenges for spatial planning and infrastructure planning in attempting to mitigate possible negative impacts

Transplante alógeno de menisco com plugue ósseo e determinação do tamanho do menisco em relação a pontos anatômicos radiográficos : estudo ex vivo em cães

A instabilidade articular gerada pela insuficiência do ligamento cruzado cranial é responsável por causar as lesões no menisco medial em cães. Até o momento, o tratamento de escolha é a meniscectomia parcial ou total, dependendo do tipo de lesão. Mas alguns estudos comprovam que alterações importantes ocorrem na biomecânica do joelho, decorrentes destas técnicas em cães. Em humanos há muitos anos são realizados transplantes de meniscos e trabalhos biomecânicos que sugerem que o menisco transplantado, aproxima as pressões de contato dos valores normais, diferentemente das técnicas de meniscectomia total ou parcial. Muitas são as técnicas cirúrgicas descritas na medicina humana, mas atualmente todas priorizam o correto posicionamento das inserções dos ligamentos meniscotibiais, assim como todos os componentes do menisco. O presente estudo tem por objetivo descrever a técnica de transplante alógeno de menisco medial em cadáveres de cães, bem como algumas técnicas que precedem o transplante propriamente dito, como a colheita do enxerto doador e a determinação do tamanho do menisco medial através da mensuração radiográfica da superfície proximal medial da tíbia. Para tanto, foram utilizados 44 membros pélvicos de 22 cadáveres de cães com peso acima de 20kg e um cadáver para determinação da posição do paciente e da equipe cirúrgica, totalizando 23 cadáveres de cães. Para a determinação do tamanho do menisco através da avaliação radiográfica da superfície tibial, foram realizadas radiografias simples de 24 membros na posições craniocaudal e mediolateral a 90 e 135°e após os meniscos foram pintados com uma mistura de cianoacrilato e tântalo pó e as radiografias repetidas nos mesmos posicionamentos. Seguiu-se as mensurações dos pontos radiográficos anatômicos da tíbia e aplicação das fórmulas de percentual e análise regressa para determinar o tamanho dos meniscos através dessas medidas. O tamanho real dos meniscos mediais foi medido nas posições craniocaudal e mediolateral e comparado com medidas radiográficas contrastadas através do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC), foram MLC90, ICC=0,91, P<0,001; MLC135, ICC=0,89, P<0,001. Para o desenvolvimento e refinamento da técnica e colheita de enxerto foram utilizados quatro membros. Após, foram colhidos os enxertos de menisco com plugues ósseos, utilizando os 24 membros radiografados, os enxertos foram congelados a -20°C até a utilização na técnica de transplante de menisco. Para o desenvolvimento e refinamento da técnica de transplante de menisco medial foram utilizados seis membros e posteriormente a técnica foi aplicada em 10 membros pélvicos. Os procedimentos cirúrgicos foram avaliados através da descrição de cada etapa, registro fotográfico, dificuldades encontradas, complicações e limitações anatômicas. Em conclusão, o tamanho do menisco medial pode ser determinado a partir dos pontos radiográficos anatômicos utilizados pela equação preditiva da análise de regressão linear com margem de erro de 1,7mm em ML90 e ML135 e 1,2mm no posicionamento CC. As técnicas de colheita e transplante de menisco foram desenvolvidas e demonstraram viabilidade em cadáveres de cães. A técnica de transplante de menisco com plugue ósseo é factível, no entanto, sugerem-se outros estudos, como avaliação biomecânica, que permitam maior compreensão sobre os resultados e complicações obtidos com a nova técnica.The joint instability caused by this cranial cruciate ligament deficiency is responsible for causing the medial meniscus injury in dogs. The treatment of choice is the partial or total meniscectomy, depending on the type of injury. But some research show that important changes occur in the knee biomechanics, due to total and partial meniscectomy in dogs. For many years meniscus transplantation and biomechanical studies have been performed in humans, suggesting that the transplanted meniscus approximates the contact pressures to normal values, unlike the total or partial meniscectomies. There are many surgical techniques described in medicine, but currently all of them prioritize the anatomic location of the insertion horns, mainly the posterior horns, as well as all meniscal components. Some techniques have been described in animals, but none did the fixing of the cranial and caudal meniscal horns. This study aims to describe the medial meniscus allogenic transplantation technique in dog cadavers, as well as some techniques that precede the transplant itself, like the harvest of the donor graft and determining the size of the medial meniscus through radiographic measurement of proximal medial surface of the tibia. Therefore, we used 44 hindlimbs of 22 dog cadavers with weight over 20kg and a corpse to determine the position of the patient and the surgical team, totaling 23 dogs cadavers. To determine the size of the meniscus by radiographic evaluation of the tibial surface, radiographs of 24 limbs were performed on craniocaudal and mediolateral positions 90 and 135° and then the menisci were painted with a mixture of cyanoacrylate and tantalum powder and repeated the radiographs in the same positions. This was followed by measurements of the X-rayed anatomical points of the tibia and percentage and Linear regression analysis was used to calculate expected meniscal dimensions from each specimen’s plateau dimensions. The real medial menisci's size was measured in the craniocaudal and mediolateral positions and compared to contrasted radiographic measurements through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), were MLC90, ICC=0.91, P<0.001; MLC135, ICC=0.89, P<0.001. For the development and refinement of the technique and graft harvest four limbs were used. Then, the meniscus grafts with bone plugs were picked, using the 24 radiographed members, the grafts were frozen at -20 ° C until its use in the meniscal transplantation technique. For the development and refinement of the medial meniscal transplantation technique six members were used, and subsequently the technique was applied to 10 hindlimbs. Surgical procedures were evaluated by the description of each step, photographic record, encountered difficulties, complications and anatomical limitations. In conclusion, the size of the medial meniscus could be determined using the anatomical radiographic points used through the linear regression analysis predictive equation with na error margin of 1.7mm in ML90 and ML135, and 1.2mm in CC positioning. Harvesting techniques and meniscal transplantation were developed and showed viability in dog cadavers. The meniscus transplant technique with bone plug is feasible, but more research, like biomechanical evaluation should be made to allow greater understanding this technique

ANÁLISE DA CONCENTRAÇÃO DE TARTRAZINA EM ALIMENTOS CONSUMIDOS POR CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES

O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de analisar se aconcentração do corante tartrazina se enquadrava nasrecomendações previstas pela Agência Nacional deVigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), através da técnica deespectrofotometria no UV-Vis, no comprimento de onda de402nm. Foram analisadas nove amostras de cada alimento:gelatina sabor abacaxi, suco em pó artificial sabor laranja eisotônico sabor laranja, de três marcas diferentes. Averificação de cada uma das amostras foi realizada emtriplicata. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o softwareestatístico Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)13.0. O resultado da média da concentração em g/100g dasamostras de gelatinas e sucos estudados demonstrou valoressuperiores ao limite máximo preconizado pela legislaçãobrasileira, (p=0,008). Esta alteração não foi verificada nasamostras de isotônicos. Conclui-se que a concentração detartrazina adicionada aos sucos em pó e gelatinasanalisados não se enquadraram nas normas estabelecidaspela ANVISA, enquanto que as concentrações nos isotônicoestavam adequadas

Identifying emotions in opera singing: implications of adverse acoustic conditions

The expression of emotion is an inherent aspect in singing, especially in operatic voice. Yet, adverse acoustic conditions, as, e. g., a performance in open-air, or a noisy analog recording, may affect its perception. State-of-the art methods for emotional speech evaluation have been applied to operatic voice, such as perception experiments, acoustic analyses, and machine learning techniques. Still, the extent to which adverse acoustic conditions may impair listeners’ and machines’ identification of emotion in vocal cues has only been investigated in the realm of speech. For our study, 132 listeners evaluated 390 nonsense operatic sung instances of five basic emotions, affected by three noises (brown, pink, and white), each at four Signal-to-Noise Ratios (-1 dB, -0.5 dB, +1 dB, and +3 dB); the performance of state-of-the-art automatic recognition methods was evaluated as well. Our findings show that the three noises affect similarly female and male singers and that listeners’ gender did not play a role. Human perception and automatic classification display similar confusion and recognition patterns: sadness is identified best, fear worst; low aroused emotions display higher confusion

A ATUAÇÃO DO NUTRICIONISTA NA SAÚDE PÚBLICA DO VALE DO TAQUARI-RS

Este estudo objetivou identificar o perfil dos profissionais que atuam com as políticas de alimentação e nutrição na Saúde Pública do Vale do Taquari-RS. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em 30 municípios, dos quais 22 contam com nutricionistas. O estudo, de caráter quantitativo, transversal, tem como base um questionário estruturado autoaplicável enviado por correio eletrônico aos responsáveis pelas Políticas de Alimentação e Nutrição dos municípios. Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste estatístico Exato de Fisher com o auxílio do software utilizado SPSS versão 13.0. Em relação ao perfil dos profissionais que atuam na área, observou-se que 28 (93,3%) eram nutricionistas. De todos os profissionais atuantes, 20 (66,7%) possuem menos de dez anos de formação e 19 (63,3%) atuam há menos de cinco anos na Saúde Pública. Concluiu-se que o nível de satisfação perante as atividades na Saúde Pública estão associadas com o tempo de formação e com o tempo de atuação recente nos programas

Atendimento educacional especializado à la Mateus: um ensaio sobre o agir pedagógico

This study addresses the pedagogical practices of special education. How to sustain a pedagogical action attentive to singularities? We present a research that starts from the teaching experience in a private school. We opted for the construction of the case study as a method, and the epistolary writing as the form. We propose three operators for an inclusive pedagogical action – the displacement of the prescriptive technique towards the student as a subject, the implicated position of the AEE teacher in the educational field and listening as an ethical, political, and pedagogical instrument – which allow us to welcome the unusual in the pedagogical scene and build an experience attentive to otherness.Este estudio aborda las práticas pedagógicas de la educación especial. ¿Cómo sostener una acción pedagógica atenta a las singularidades? Presentamos una investigación que parte de la experiencia docente en un colegio privado. Optamos por la construcción del caso como método y la escritura epistolar como forma. Proponemos tres acciones que constituyen una pedagogía inclusiva - el desplazamiento de la técnica prescriptiva hacia el estudiante como sujeto, la posición implícita del docente de la AEE en el escenario educativo y la escucha como dispositivo ético, político y pedagógico - que permiten acoger lo insólito en el escenario pedagógico y construir una experiencia atenta a la alteridad.Este estudo aborda as práticas pedagógicas da educação especial. Como sustentar um agir pedagógico atento às singularidades? Apresentamos uma pesquisa que parte da experiência docente em uma escola privada. Optamos pela construção do caso como método e a escrita epistolar como forma. Propomos três operadores para um agir pedagógico inclusivo - o deslocamento da técnica prescritiva em direção ao aluno como sujeito, a posição implicada do professor do AEE na cena educativa e a escuta como dispositivo ético, político e pedagógico - os quais permitem acolher o inusitado na cena pedagógica e construir uma experiência atenta à alteridade

Genotypic variability enhances the reproducibility of an ecological study

Many scientific disciplines are currently experiencing a “reproducibility crisis” because numerous scientific findings cannot be repeated consistently. A novel but controversial hypothesis postulates that stringent levels of environmental and biotic standardization in experimental studies reduces reproducibility by amplifying impacts of lab-specific environmental factors not accounted for in study designs. A corollary to this hypothesis is that a deliberate introduction of controlled systematic variability (CSV) in experimental designs may lead to increased reproducibility. We tested this hypothesis using a multi-laboratory microcosm study in which the same ecological experiment was repeated in 14 laboratories across Europe. Each laboratory introduced environmental and genotypic CSV within and among replicated microcosms established in either growth chambers (with stringent control of environmental conditions) or glasshouses (with more variable environmental conditions). The introduction of genotypic CSV led to lower among-laboratory variability in growth chambers, indicating increased reproducibility, but had no significant effect in glasshouses where reproducibility was generally lower. Environmental CSV had little effect on reproducibility. Although there are multiple causes for the “reproducibility crisis”, deliberately including genetic variation may be a simple solution for increasing the reproducibility of ecological studies performed in controlled environments

Estado nutricional de portadores de síndrome de Down no Vale do Taquari – RS

Introduction: Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality, where the patient requires nutritional care to prevent overweight and obesity. Objective: To assess the nutritional status of patients with SD at schools of Special Education in Taquari Valley/ RS, Brazil. Method: It was conducted a cross-sectional study. The sample comprised 46 individuals with DS aged between 2 and 50 years. We used Cronk’s specific growth curves for the anthropometric assessment of individual between 2 and 18 years of age and the Body Mass Index for those between 19 and 50. Results: Out of the total number of participants, 10,9% had low weight for their height, 32,6% were eutrophic and 56,5% were overweight or obese. Conclusion: Patients between 2 and 18 years of age presented eutrophic, and adult patients with DS showed prevalence of overweight and obesity.Introdução: A Síndrome de Down é uma anomalia cromossômica em que o paciente necessita cuidados nutricionais para evitar o sobrepeso e obesidade. Objetivo: Verificar o estado nutricional dos pacientes portadores de SD das escolas de Educação Especial do Vale do Taquari/RS. Método: Realizou-se um estudo transversal. A amostra foi composta por 46 indivíduos portadores de SD com idades entre 2 e 50 anos. Para avaliação antropométrica dos indivíduos de 2 e 18 anos foram utilizadas as curvas de crescimento específicas de Cronk, para os pacientes com idade entre 19 e 50 anos, foi utilizado o Índice de Massa Corpórea. Resultados: Do total, 10,9% dos participantes apresentaram baixo peso para estatura; 32,6%, eutrofia, e 56,5%, sobrepeso e obesidade. Conclusão: Nos pacientes entre 2 e 18 anos, verificou-se eutrofia, e nos voluntários adultos com SD houve prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade