Primjena poluugniježđene lančane reakcije polimerazom za dokaz larvi oblića Spirocerca lupi u vrtnog guštera (Calotes versicolor).

The study reveals the usefulness of semi-nested PCR as a tool to identify larval stages of Spirocerca lupi in garden lizards (Calotes versicolor), the paratenic host for the parasite. Creamy white cysts present in the superficial muscles of seven out of thirteen garden lizards on the veterinary college campus, Pookode, were recovered and observed for the presence of live larvae. DNA isolated from these cysts and S. lupi worms recovered during postmortem examination of an infected dog were used for semi-nested PCR for amplifying an internal region of the S. lupi Cox-I gene, producing a specific 400 bp fragment. Thus the semi-nested PCR may be utilized for specific detection of larval stages of S. lupi in a paratenic host.Istraživanje je provedeno u svrhu provjere učinkovitosti primjene poluugniježđene lančane reakcije polimerazom za identifikaciju ličinaka oblića S. lupi u vrtnog guštera (Calotes versicolor). Žućkasto bijele ciste bile su izdvojene iz površinskih mišića sedam od 13 vrtnih guštera ulovljenih na području kampusa veterinarskog koledža Pookovode i pretražene na prisutnost živih ličinaka. DNA izdvojena iz tih cista i DNA iz oblića S. lupi izdvojenih tijekom razudbe invadiranoga psa rabljene su u poluugniježđenoj lančanoj reakciji polimerazom za umnožavanje unutarnjeg područja gena Cox-I i prepoznavanje specifičnog fragmenta od 400 bp. Zaključeno je da se poluugniježđena PCR može upotrijebiti za dokaz ličinaka oblića S. lupi u parateničnih domaćina

Transcriptome profiling of Rhipicephalus annulatus reveals differential gene expression of metabolic detoxifying enzymes in response to acaricide treatment

Abstract BackgroundTicks are hematophagous ectoparasites of economic consequence by virtue of being carriers of infectious diseases damaging for livestock and agro-industry. A widely prevalent tick variety, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus is recognized as a prime vector of tick-borne diseases in Southern Indian conditions. Tick control using chemical acaricides over time has helped it to evolve resistant properties to widely-used compounds through metabolic detoxification. Identifying detoxification genes is extremely important because it helps to detect valid insecticide targets and will aid to develop novel control strategies for effective insect control. Methods and ResultsIn this study, high quality RNA-seq data of untreated and amitraz treated R. (B.) annulatus were assembled, annotated and analyzed. The annotated unigenes were significantly enriched in the pathways of metabolism, signal transduction, cellular community, transport, and catabolism. Overall, 38472 pathways were identified based on Gene ontology enrichment and pathway analysis. Differential gene expression analysis followed by the annotation of differentially expressed genes revealed significant expression of 70 detoxifying genes in response to amitraz treatment. Further, examination of expression level of candidate genes was across differential development stages of R. (B.) annulatus as performed using real time PCR. The results revealed significant differences in the gene expression level across stagesConclusionThe high expression of CYP and GST genes in R. (B) annulatus during acaricide stressed condition may implicate their role in resistance development and increased survival rate of R. (B) annulatus. Identified gene targets from this study may be used as valid targets for developing gene-based management strategies.</jats:p

Appraisal of Environmental Health and Ecohydrology of Free-Flowing Aghanashini River, Karnataka, India

Rivers are vital freshwater resources that cater to the needs of society. The burgeoning population and the consequent land-use changes have altered the hydrologic regime with biophysical and chemical integrity changes. This necessitates understanding the land-use dynamics, flow dynamics, hydrologic regime, and water quality of riverine ecosystems. An assessment of the land-use dynamics in the Aghanashini River basin reveals a decline in vegetation cover from 86.06% (1973) to 50.78% (2018). The computation of eco-hydrological indices (EHI) highlights that the sub-watersheds with native vegetation had higher infiltration (and storage) than water loss due to evapotranspiration and meeting the societal demand. The computation of water quality index helped to assess the overall water quality across seasons. The study provides insights into hydrology linkages with the catchment landscape dynamics to the hydrologists and land-use managers. These insights would aid in the prudent management of river basins to address water stress issues through watershed treatment involving afforestation with native species, appropriate cropping, and soil conservation measures

“Pharmaco-chemical Characterization and Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic Flower Extract of Clerodendrum paniculatum”

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of different components and antioxidant and activities of the extract of flower (CPF) were analyzed in . identification of of flower was also identified by GC-MS analysis. assess the biochemical features of CPF. solvent extraction of CPF was performed using solvents in increasing order of polarity (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water) and solvent with maximum profile was standardized for further analysis. Quantitative analysis of selected secondary metabolites like tannin, , alkaloids, and of the flower extract was done by UV . In antioxidant assays and in efficacy of the flower extract were analyzed by respective in assays. identification of in CPF was identified by using GC-MS analysis revealed secondary metabolites in the extract, and further analysis of the extract was performed. Quantitative estimation revealed an accountable amount of secondary metabolites like (47.66mg/g acid equivalent), (24mg/g equivalent), (41mg/g equivalent), and alkaloids (1.79mg/g of extracted plant material). analysis (GC-MS) also confirmed convincing compounds in the extract. From in antioxidant and assay, the IC50 value of the extract of CPF was measured and compared with standard, and from the results, it was evident that the extract had significant in antioxidant and activity. the above results, it can be confirmed thatCPF has got significant and therapeutically active ingredients, as evident in analysis. This is further supported by considerable antioxidant and properties observed in respective assays.</jats:p

Transcriptome Profiling of Rhipicephalus annulatus Reveals Differential Gene Expression of Metabolic Detoxifying Enzymes in Response to Acaricide Treatment

Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites of economic consequence by virtue of being carriers of infectious diseases that affect livestock and other sectors of the agricultural industry. A widely prevalent tick species, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus, has been recognized as a prime vector of tick-borne diseases in South Indian regions. Over time, the use of chemical acaricides for tick control has promoted the evolution of resistance to these widely used compounds through metabolic detoxification. Identifying the genes related to this detoxification is extremely important, as it could help detect valid insecticide targets and develop novel strategies for effective insect control. We performed an RNA-sequencing analysis of acaricide-treated and untreated R. (B.) annulatus and mapped the detoxification genes expressed due to acaricide exposure. Our results provided high-quality RNA-sequenced data of untreated and amitraz-treated R. (B.) annulatus, and then the data were assembled into contigs and clustered into 50,591 and 71,711 uni-gene sequences, respectively. The expression levels of the detoxification genes across different developmental stages of R. (B.) annulatu identified 16,635 transcripts as upregulated and 15,539 transcripts as downregulated. The annotations of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed the significant expression of 70 detoxification genes in response to the amitraz treatment. The qRT-PCR revealed significant differences in the gene expression levels across different life stages of R. (B.) annulatus