John Zizioulas’ Trinitarian Ecclesiology

The ideas of the Orthodox theologian Bishop John Zizioulas (1931–2023) particularly focus on trinitarian ecclesiology. For him, the Trinity consists of Persons in communion, and the nature of God himself is relational. Trinitarian unity is therefore the prototype, and the Church is its reflection. The essence of the Church is communion, which results from the fact that the Trinity is communion. Zizioulas’ view of the Church is steeped in a trinitarian perspective. Zizioulas pointed out that the Church is based on the double divine economy: the work of Jesus Christ and the work of the Holy Spirit. The relationship of the Holy Trinity with the Church also has consequences for the structure of the Church. In this way, the Church becomes hierarchical in the sense in which the Holy Trinity itself is hierarchical: because of the specificity of the relationship. Becoming a person means breaking down the barriers of individualism and entering into communion life. This is realized in the Church through Baptism and Eucharist. The aim of the article is therefore an attempt to present and evaluate John Zizioulas’ concept of trinitarian ecclesiology.Myśl prawosławnego teologa biskupa Jana Zizioulasa (1931–2023) dotycząca Kościoła jest przeniknięta perspektywą trynitarną. Osoby w Trójcy pozostają we wzajemnej komunii, zaś natura samego Boga jest relacyjna. Cechą istotną Kościoła jest komunia, co wynika z faktu, że Trójca stanowi komunię Osób. Tylko wiara w Boga Trójcę pozwala zrozumieć tak naprawdę, czym jest Kościół. Jedność trynitarna jest więc prototypem, zaś Kościół jest jej odbiciem. Zizioulas wskazywał, że Kościół jest ukonstytuowany poprzez dwuaspektową zbawczą ekonomię: dzieło Jezusa Chrystusa i dzieło Ducha Świętego. Kościół staje się hierarchiczny w takim sensie, w jakim sama Trójca Święta jest hierarchiczna: ze względu na specyfikę relacji. Aby stać się osobą, należy przełamać bariery indywidualizmu i wejść w życie komunii, co się urzeczywistnia w Kościele poprzez sakramenty Chrztu i Eucharystii. Celem artykułu jest zatem próba prezentacji i oceny koncepcji trynitarnej Jana Zizioulasa

Trinitarian Images of the Church according to Bruno Forte

The Vatican II Council was very much concerned about presenting us an idea of the Church which could serve as a reference point concerning her identity and mission in the world today. It wanted to express a vision of the Church which could elicit new enthusiasm among the faithful and offer a new alternative to the way the world perceived reality. In concretizing this vision, the Council chose trinitarian images and symbols of the Church, regarding them as basic for our time: the Church as the New People of God; the Church as the Body of Christ; and the Church as the Temple of the Holy Spirit. The article elucidates these images in the light of the thoughts of the Italian theologian Bruno Forte. For him, the Church can best be understood from a trinitarian point of view. The Church is an icon of the Holy Trinity, and her communion is structured in the image and likeness of the trinitarian communion.Sobór Watykański II był bardzo zatroskany o przybliżenie wizji Kościoła, która mogłaby służyć jako konkretna pomoc w uchwyceniu jego tożsamości i misji w dzisiejszym świecie; chciał przedstawić obraz Kościoła, który mógłby wzbudzić nowy entuzjazm wśród wiernych i zaproponować nową alternatywę dla postrzegania rzeczywistości przez świat. Konkretyzując tę wizję, Sobór wybrał spośród obrazów i symboli Kościoła idee o charakterze trynitarnym i uznał je za podstawowe dla naszych czasów: Kościół jako Nowy Lud Boży; Kościół jako Ciało Chrystusa; Kościół jako Świątynia Ducha Świętego. Artykuł wyjaśnia te obrazy w świetle myśli Brunona Fortego, włoskiego teologa, który podkreśla, że Kościół może być najlepiej zrozumiany z trynitarnego punktu widzenia. Kościół jest ikoną Trójcy Świętej, a jego komunia jest zbudowana na obraz i podobieństwo komunii trynitarnej

A quantifiable model of a global basic income & cash transfer programmes

This thesis is organized into three distinct yet interconnected chapters, each investigating its own set of unique research questions and employing respective methodological approaches. Collectively, these chapters contribute to the overarching aim of facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of basic income and cash transfer systems. Furthermore, this exploration places an additional emphasis on studying these systems in the context of economic instability and times of crisis. Chapter One develops a theoretical model exploring the impact of a lifetime basic income on economic decision-making in the presence of investment and risk. Theorising the presence of an affordable lifetime basic income can act as a form of insurance which can increase the adoption of high-risk, high-return actions and result in increased overall economic activity, increasing incomes and growth. The results further suggest that basic income programs can be feasibly self-financing through a dedicated mutual insurance scheme concept, where the additional funds generated from the increased economic activity can be used to finance the basic income. These findings have implications for policy-making efforts aimed at promoting economic growth and reducing poverty and inequality. Additionally, the provision of an affordable lifetime basic income can serve as a valuable tool for reducing the economic vulnerability of individuals and households, especially in the context of unforeseen negative income shocks. Moreover, the results emphasise the importance of considering the interaction between risk and income in decision-making, where the provision of a basic income can help to mitigate the economic impacts of negative income shocks, especially for individuals and households who would wish to purse a high-risk-high-return-based investment path out of poverty. Suggesting this can help to reduce poverty and inequality and promote economic well-being. The COVID-19 crisis was a humanitarian disaster unlike any this century; compulsory stayat-home orders in conjunction with mass layoffs and many becoming too sick to work pushed welfare systems across the globe to breaking point. This crisis has underscored the crucial role of a robust, well-functioning welfare system in acting as a last-line safety-net against hardship for all, even those who may never have considered themselves in danger of income insecurity previously. Therefore, it is imperative to analyse models of welfare not only during times of stability but crucially during the inevitable occurrence of times of instability too, black-swan style shocks which, if unprepared for, can plunge millions into hardship. Considering the study of alternative welfare systems during both periods of stability and crisis as imperative, Chapter Two adopts a Narrative Economics approach, as outlined in (Shiller, 2021), to investigate the changing UK media narrative surrounding the welfare policy of a basic income during the COVID-19 crisis. By doing so, we aim to better understand the positive shift in preferences relating to aspects of basic income during the period of crisis, that was identified by (Nettle, et al., 2021) who observed “substantially more positive attitudes” towards basic income over the Pandemic and speculate media discussion as a potential causal originator. This Chapter examines two corpora of UK news articles: one comprising all written articles published between 01/04/2018 and 01/04/2019 where N=312, serving as a pre-Pandemic baseline, and the other encompassing all written articles published between 01/04/2020 and 01/04/2021 where N=585, representing the post-Pandemic period. Employing the thematic analytical method outlined by (Braun & Clarke, 2006), Chapter Two analyses the key themes of the media narratives surrounding basic income during the two time periods. Enhancing the method through empirically analysing the qualitative data via quantification through thematic coding, enabling a deeper analysis of the two large corpora of articles. This allowed for the identification five distinct themes characterising the pre-Pandemic narrative surrounding basic income and an additional six themes to characterise the postPandemic period. By comparing these themes, Chapter Two reveals the evolutionary progression of thematic changes, offering a comprehensive understanding of the emergent aggregated media narratives during the crisis. Findings indicate a significant shift towards favourability regarding the policy of basic income, particularly with its speculated implications for alleviating many of the new social costs wrought by the pandemic, this principal finding is identified the New Crisis Narrative of Basic Income. Chapter Three employs a rigorous research design, combining a randomized control data collection and Difference-in-Differences analysis, to examine the influential effects of the identified National Crisis Media Narratives of the 2020 Covid Pandemic upon confidence in the effectiveness of alternative welfare systems, specifically Universal Basic Income (UBI) and Targeted Welfare (TW) systems. The study measures the impact across 21 outcome variables, comprehensively representing a desirable welfare system. The findings reveal a substantial and immediate influence of media pandemic narrative treatment on confidence levels, persisting significantly 15-21 days post-treatment. Furthermore, the study explores the role of covariates related to unique Lived Crisis Experience in enhancing receptivity to national crisis narratives and policy perceptions, capturing personal, emotional, financial, health-related, and community impacts. Notably, the covariates demonstrate a boost in responsiveness, enhancing receptivity to policy perception changes triggered by the crisis narratives present at the time, except for instances where participants reported “admittance to an intensive care unit” (particularly in the case of UBI) and experienced “long-term health implications” (for TW). In these cases, negative reactions towards the respective policies were observed in response to the crisis narratives. The study's main data collection involved a total of N=956 participants. Allocated randomly to either the placebo (Group A) or treatment (Groups B through E), which consisted of N=194, 190, 191, 192, and 189, respectively. The main study (Part 1) was conducted simultaneously on the same day, beginning at 9 a.m. GMT (UTC+00:00), with each participant recording both baseline control and post-treatment response data. Part 2 of the study was conducted utilising longitudinal data of the same participants. Data collection commenced exactly 15 days after the initial data collection (of Part 1) and remained active for an additional 6 days. The follow-up data collection (Part 2) consisted of N=886, with Groups A through E consisting of N=181, 177, 175, 180, and 173, respectively. The findings shed light on the intricate relationship between media crisis narratives, welfare system perceptions, and personal crisis experiences, contributing to the broader understanding of policy effectiveness and societal well-being. While also serving to highlight the implied responsibilities of those who work to present national narratives as they emerge, as well as those who work to design welfare strategies and must forecast performance over not only periods of growth but crucially times of severe and unexpected instability

Effect of alloy treatment and coiling temperature on microstructure and bending performance of ultra-high strength strip steel

Two different high strength B-containing microalloyed steel strips produced in industrial processing conditions, one treated with Ti and the other treated with Al, processed by controlled rolling, accelerated cooling and coiling in two different temperatures ranges [723 K to 733 K (450 °C to 460 °C)] and [633 K to 653 K (360 °C to 380 °C)] were subjected to bend testing. The Ti treated steel coiled at the higher temperature 733 K (460 °C) showed the best bending performance. The relatively softer (tensile strength of and even {112} in the sub-surface region as well as uniformity of through thickness texture of the rolled sheet improve the bendability. In the presence of crack initiators, like coarse and brittle TiN particles found in the Ti treated steel, a harder microstructure and the presence of Cube and Goss texture in the sub-surface layer, seen for the lower coiling temperature can cause local transgranular cleavage cracking. Finally the post-uniform elongation obtained from tensile testing and bendability follow a good correlation

Multistage genesis of sediments filling Zygmunta Cave

The article deals with the co-occurrence of interlayering various generations of speleothems and clastic cave sediments in the recently discovered Zygmunta Cave (Kraków Upland). The clastic sediments include specific black-coloured pisoids composed of iron or manganese minerals. Regardless the age of the deposits they indicate the multistage filling of the cave in changing palaeoenvironmental conditions

Linguaggio Teologico su Dio incomprensibile e ineffabile

L’articolo sviluppa alcune riflessioni circa la conoscenza «teologica» di Dio, le sue condizioni di possibilità, la sua natura, i suoi strumenti e i suoi limiti. La conoscenza teologica di Dio è quella che scaturisce dalla sua libera autocomunicazione, ed è dunque distinta, senza esserne separata, dalla conoscenza «naturale». In primo luogo l’articolo presenta il concetto teologico di Mistero poi riflette i limiti e i modelli del linguaggio teologico su Dio; alla fine approfondisce l’idea dell’analogia, come regola cristiana del linguaggio su Dio. La conoscienza cristiana di Dio non è soltanto conoscenza dell’Essere assoluto, ma anche e propriamente dell’Essere personale e interpersonale in dialogo con noi. La conoscenza personale ha certo un momento concettuale, in quanto si tratta di conoscenza propriamente umana, ma anche e soprattutto una profondità a‑concettuale, in quanto si basa sulla simpatia o più profondamente sulla «connaturalità» (connaturalitas, per usare il termine di San Tommaso), che indica un momento di libera scelta (tendenzialmente reciproca), e sulla presenza del «Tu» come realtà della nostra vita. Ogni linguaggio teologico suppone un’esperienza religiosa come incontro personale col Dio della fede, incomprensibile e ineffabile.</jats:p

Relacja między Kościołem powszechnym a Kościołami lokalnymi

W relacji między Kościołem powszechnym a Kościołami lokalnymi zasadniczo wykluczone są dwie fałszywe opcje. Pierwsza podkreśla, że Kościół powszechny jest prostym rezultatem federacji już istniejących Kościołów lokalnych. Druga wskazuje, że Kościół lokalny jest po prostu jednostką administracyjną lub częścią Kościoła powszechnego. Chociaż Kościół powszechny ma pierwszeństwo ontologiczne przed Kościołem lokalnym, jak wskazuje list Communionis notio, to jednak Kościół lokalny jest konkretną manifestacją Kościoła powszechnego w określonym czasie i przestrzeni, ponieważ Kościół powszechny konstytuuje się z Kościołów lokalnych oraz jest w nich obecny. Terminy w formule in quibus et ex quibus są równie istotne, jak i ich wzajemne odniesienia.In the relationship between the universal Church and the local Churches, two false options are generally excluded. The first underlines that the universal Church is the simple result of a federation of already existing local Churches. The second emphasizes that the local Church is simply an administrative subdivision or part of the universal Church. Though the universal Church is ontologically prior to the local Church, as the letter Communionis notio claims, yet the local Church is the concrete manifestation of the universal Church in a determined time and space, as the universal Church exists “in and from” the local Churches. The terms in the formula in quibus et ex quibus are equally essential as is the relationship between them