Automatic Detection of Poorly Calibrated Models in State Estimation Applied to Oil and Gas Production Systems

In modern oil and gas industry, there is an increasing use of instrumentation. This lead to a huge flow of information, which typically is not utilized to its full potential. By the use of increasingly more complex Virtual Flow Metering (VFM) solutions, the gap between the amount of data available and the amount of data utilized is reduced. VFM can contribute to operational awareness and increased efficiency of the operations, which are qualities that are becoming more and more important for the operators. The performance of a virtual flow meter is, however, highly correlated with the accuracy of the system models. Un- fortunately these system models are infrequently calibrated, and with increasingly more complex VFM models, these calibrations become more and more difficult to perform. To further develop the field of VFM, this process of maintaining the models needs to be im- proved. In this thesis, a system that can potentially simplify this process is investigated. This thesis presents an investigation on the use of state of the art fault diagnosis tech- niques, to detect and identify poorly calibrated models used in virtual flow metering. With the help of the information gathered from the fault diagnosis, an operator can potentially pinpoint when and where maintenance of the model is needed. If successful this can lead to a shift from recalibrating the entire system, to focusing on the parts of the model that have been determined as weak links. By going straight for the weak link, the operator can save substantial amounts of time and money, while the reliability of the system models is simultaneously increasing. The investigation has been conducted by running test scenarios on a simulator created during this thesis. The tests on this simulator were performed using state of the art virtual flow meters, together with the fault diagnosis tools developed in this thesis. The results show that this idea has good potential, and should be further investigated. The results showed this by successfully detecting and identifying poorly calibrated models for simple test scenarios. That being said, both of the developed fault diagnosis systems, still have some drawbacks and unresolved issues, which makes them less suited for real applications. Several sugges- tions are, however, posted on how these issues can be resolved, and recommendations are given regarding the direction of future investigations

A review of metal recovery from E-waste using current microbial technologies

With the increasing demand for metals in many industries, there is a growing need for improved methods of metal recovery. For the management of electronic waste (E-waste), numerous studies have been conducted on extracting metals using technologies such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and biometallurgy. Bioprocessing can help recover metals from secondary sources such as E-waste and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This research review aims to examine methods, focusing mainly on biological based methods for recovering metals from LIBs and E-waste, and to identify research gaps and areas for further research. This thesis contains a comprehensive overview of the metal recovery technologies from E-waste and LIBs, highlighting their benefits and drawbacks. A scoping literature review based on published articles and reviews using different keywords in Scopus database has been provided to give a complete overview of metal recovery from E-waste and LIBs using green technologies such as bioleaching and biosorption. Implementation of biotechnology is essential in achieving the goal of minimising waste, conserving valuable metals, and mitigating the negative environmental impact of metal extraction. Improving bioprocessing methods can provide the industry with an eco-friendly technology to address the challenges of the increasing lithium (Li) demand and waste from LIBs in the future. Despite the increased research effort regarding the use of biotechnological methods for metal recovery, the research is only in the early stages. Biotechnological based methods have a promising future. However, further large-scale research and pilot studies on microbial technology for metal recovery are needed to facilitate industrial upscaling

Concrete Plates Designed with FEM - Prosjektering av betongplater med FEM

Most engineering companies design plates by use of finite element programs that are entirely automated. The program decides the element type, the meshing, and performs all the calculations. Often, the automatic procedure is hidden for the user, and it's difficult for the engineer to verify that the analysis is done correctly. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to describe how concrete plates should be modelled in commercial design software, and how a selection of design programs perform the automatic design procedure. The focus has been on plates subjected primarily to bending in both the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and in the Serviceability Limit State (SLS). When modelling a plate, the element type and mesh are often defined automatically by the software while the boundary conditions need to be specifed by the user. It is normally recommended to use pinned support at the centre of columns or walls, because it avoids unintended rotational restraint. It is, however, also possible to model more realistically, with spring supports, if: The stress distribution over the support is of interest The rotational restraint from the support is of importance for the stresses in the plate. The theory background and manuals for a chosen set of design programs were examined to figure out how the automatic design procedure for concrete plates can be carried out. The main problem of plate design is that, in contrast to simple beam theory, plates also contain twisting moments. This causes the reinforcement and the principal moments to be in different directions. The main steps of the design procedure in ULS are to rotate the stress resultants to the directions of the reinforcement, and then calculate either the design moments, or imaginary in-plane forces. These forces are then used to find the required reinforcement for the upper and lower layer of the plate. An essential difference between the programs is the assumptions for the stress distribution in the cross section, and the internal lever arm. The programs are also separated by the way they define the crack angle. Normally, the crack angle is assumed to be 45 degrees in order to achieve a minimum amount of reinforcement. If, however, only one reinforcement direction is needed, the optimal crack angle is no longer 45 degrees. In that case, some of the programs, like "FEM design", calculates a new optimal crack angle. In SLS, the programs differ in the way the stiffness reduction due to cracks is accounted for. One alternative is to reduce the stiffness locally in elements where the concrete is cracked. Another alternative is to give the whole plate a reduced stiffness to achieve a smooth deformation pattern. The crack width is controlled by either of the following two approaches: Direct calculation of the crack width, and comparing this with the maximum allowed width Indirect calculation where the diameter and spacing of the reinforcement bars are controlled against tabulated maximum value

Fatigue of power cable in floating wind turbine

Offshore vindkraft har hatt en enorm vekst de siste 20 årene, men flytende vindturbiner er fortsatt i en tidlig fase. Per 2017 var det kun tre operative vindturbiner på flytende plattform, men som i all hovedsak er brukt til testing og forskning. Fra de flytende vindturbinene henger det en strømkabel som blir utsatt for kontinuerlig dynamiske påkjenninger fra omgivelsene. I denne masteroppgaven blir ekstremlaster og utmatting for den dynamiske strømkabelen beregnet i detalj. Hovedfokuset er å undersøke utmattingsutviklingen i armeringslaget langs strømkabelen ved å se på damage equivalent load (DEL) forholdene mellom definerte elementer i kabelen. Undersøkelsene er rettet mot den øvre og bøyde seksjonen av strømkabelen. For å danne et grunnlag til konfigurasjon, geometri og materialegenskaper, blir utgangspunktet hentet fra en masteroppgave skrevet av Karoline Bakken. Det blir benyttet en lazy wave konfigurasjon med oppskalerte lengder. Strømkabelen blir simulert i 21 forskjellige sjøtilstander med det aero-hydro-servo-elastic programmet 3DFloat, hengende fra den semi-submersible plattformen, Windmoor 12 MW, som er plassert ved 150 meters havdyp. Plattformbevegelsene kommer fra en medmasterstudents simulering, der forankringslinene til samme plattform med identiske sjøtilstander undersøkes. I simuleringen er kabelkonfigurasjonen delt i elementer, der element 74, 72, 70 og 68 er valgt å fokusere på for den øvre seksjonen av strømkabelen. I bøyd seksjon er element 35, 36, 37 og 38 valgt for undersøkelsen. Spenningene i kabelen beregnes i 8 punkter i tverrsnittet, som det videre blir gjort utmattingsberegninger på. Delskadene på kabelen blir regnet om til spenningsvidder som påfører den samme skaden med 10^7 sykluser (DEL). Resultatene viser at element 74 får de største påkjenningene med en Damage Equivalent Load på 77 kPa og en gradvis nedgang i spennvidden i underliggende elementer. For bøyd seksjon ligger spennvidden på bare 1/5 av de øvre elementene.M-MP

Biokjemi i Kjemi 2 - En analyse av samsvaret mellom kompetansemål, læreverk og skriftlig eksamen

To faktorer som ser ut til å ha stor innvirkning på undervisningen i norske klasserom i tillegg til læreplanen er læreverkene og skriftlig, sentralgitt eksamen. Eksamen og læreverkene er utarbeidet ut fra kompetansemålene i læreplanen, men kompetansemålene kan være lite presise og krever tolkning. I denne studien har jeg undersøkt i hvilken grad det er samsvar mellom lærebokforfatternes og eksamensnemdas tolkning av to kompetansemål innenfor biokjemi i faget Kjemi 2: Forklare rollen til hydrogen som energibærer i fotosyntese og celleånding Gjør rede for struktur og egenskaper til ATP Jeg har brukt kvalitativ dokumentanalyse av typen rettet innholdsanalyse og analysert hvordan disse 2 kompetansemålene er fremstilt og testes i 3 læreverk (Kjemi 2, Kjemien stemmer 2, Aqua 2) og 10 skriftlige eksamener fra 2013-2017. Kompetansemålene er først brutt ned til enkeltkompetanser basert på mine egne tolkninger av målene. Disse er videre benyttet til å analysere hvilke temaer som er vektlagt i læreverk og eksamener i Kjemi 2. I tillegg til å analysere hvilke temaer som er vektlagt, ble kategoriseringsverktøyet til Davila & Talanquer (2010) brukt til å kategorisere eksamensoppgavene og oppgavene fra læreverkene etter kognitivt nivå. Gjennom disse analysene har det store tolkningsrommet i kompetansemålene kommet til syne. Lærebokforfatterne har valgt ulike løsninger med tanke på hva de vektlegger, hvor mange detaljer de inkluderer i forklaringene, og hva de tester i oppgavene. Eksamen har generelt oppgaver på høyere kognitive nivåer enn læreverkene, og har i tillegg en tydelig større andel oppgaver om hydrogenbæreren NADH. Mange av oppgavene som omhandler NADH på eksamen kan løses ved å bruke andre kjemikompetanser som f.eks. massebalanse. Det er derfor usikkert om disse oppgavene gir uttrykk for elevenes kompetanse knyttet til læreplanmålet i biokjemi

Bør recovery-orientert tilnærming i større grad benyttes i behandling til pasienter med ROP-lidelser?

Bakgrunn: I Norge kommer pasienter med ruslidelser og psykiske lidelser dårligst ut på levekårsindikatorene. I 2021 var det totalt 241 narkotikautløste dødsfall i Norge. Recovery omtales som en tilnærming som anbefales i tjenesteytingen til pasienter med ROP-lidelser. Det har ført til større interesse for recovery de siste årene. Interessen gir økt etterspørsel etter kunnskap om hvordan praktisere recovery og betydningen recovery kan ha, noe innsikt i erfaringer kan bidra med. Hensikt: Oppgavens hensikt er å belyse pasienters og helsearbeideres erfaringer med bruk av en recovery-orientert tilnærming i behandlingen av pasienter med rus og psykiske lidelser. Metode: Vi har benyttet oss av en integrativ litteraturstudie basert på fem fagfellevurderte forskningsartikler. Forskningsartiklene vi har analysert har brukt kvalitativ forskningsmetode. Resultatene fra artiklene vil sammen med relevant bakgrunnslitteratur være grunnlaget for oppgaven. Resultater: Resultatene viser at helsearbeidere og pasienter opplever recovery som et samarbeid. Betydningen av brukermedvirkning, tilhørighet, identitet, mestring og rus i recovery-orienteringen er viktige erfaringer. Disse opplevelsene kommer til syne på ulikt vis, men ikke uten utfordringer og vansker. Resultatene viser at helsearbeidere kan hjelpe pasientene og sammen jobbe recovery-orientert. Nøkkelord: Recovery, ROP-lidelser, erfaringer, opplevelser, psykisk helse, rus

Constraining sub-seismic deep-water stratal elements with electrofacies analysis; A case study from the Upper Cretaceous of the Måløy Slope, offshore Norway

Electrofacies represent rock facies identified from wireline-log measurements, and allow extrapolation of petrophysical characteristics away from stratigraphic intervals that are calibrated to core. This approach has been employed to reduce uncertainty in the identification of the sub-seismic depositional elements in the late Cenomanian-Coniacian succession of the northern Måløy Slope, offshore Norway. Core logging permits identification of eleven distinct sedimentary facies that are grouped into four facies associations: FA A-turbidite sandstones, FA B-heterolithic siltstones and sandstones, FA C-debrites and FA D-slide and slump deposits. Each facies association is defined by a distinct combination of petrophysical characteristics, including porosity, density, gamma-ray, sonic and resistivity. Using neural network analysis, electrofacies are calibrated with sedimentary facies, thereby allowing us to map their thickness and stacking patterns within the studied deep-water succession. We demonstrate that this approach is particularly useful where the presence of glauconite makes the distinction between sandstone- from shale-rich units difficult using gamma-ray logs alone. Our results indicate that the succession of interest is dominated by debris flows and slide and slump deposits, which are commonly poorly imaged on seismic reflection datasets in the northern North Sea. The methodology presented here can aid the correlation of deep-water stratal elements at production and exploration scales in stratigraphic successions that have undergone similar burial histories.Furthermore, this method may help in the identification of mass flow deposits that are present in Upper Cretaceous deep-water systems of the North Sea

An Integrated Approach for a Structural and Functional Evaluation of Biosimilars: Implications for Erythropoietin

BACKGROUND: Authorization to market a biosimilar product by the appropriate institutions is expected based on biosimilarity with its originator product. The analogy between the originator and its biosimilar(s) is assessed through safety, purity, and potency analyses. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we proposed a useful quality control system for rapid and economic primary screening of potential biosimilar drugs. For this purpose, chemical and functional characterization of the originator rhEPO alfa and two of its biosimilars was discussed. METHODS: Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the originator rhEPO alfa and its biosimilars were performed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The identification of proteins and the separation of isoforms were studied using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF–MS) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), respectively. Furthermore, the biological activity of these drugs was measured both in vitro, evaluating the TF-1 cell proliferation rate, and in vivo, using the innovative experimental animal model of the zebrafish embryos. RESULTS: Chemical analyses showed that the quantitative concentrations of rhEPO alfa were in agreement with the labeled claims by the corresponding manufacturers. The qualitative analyses performed demonstrated that the three drugs were pure and that they had the same amino acid sequence. Chemical differences were found only at the level of isoforms containing N-glycosylation; however, functional in vitro and in vivo studies did not show any significant differences from a biosimilar point of view. CONCLUSION: These rapid and economic structural and functional analyses were effective in the evaluation of the biosimilarity between the originator rhEPO alfa and the biosimilars analyzed. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40259-015-0136-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Biokjemi i Kjemi 2 - En analyse av samsvaret mellom kompetansemål, læreverk og skriftlig eksamen

To faktorer som ser ut til å ha stor innvirkning på undervisningen i norske klasserom i tillegg til læreplanen er læreverkene og skriftlig, sentralgitt eksamen. Eksamen og læreverkene er utarbeidet ut fra kompetansemålene i læreplanen, men kompetansemålene kan være lite presise og krever tolkning. I denne studien har jeg undersøkt i hvilken grad det er samsvar mellom lærebokforfatternes og eksamensnemdas tolkning av to kompetansemål innenfor biokjemi i faget Kjemi 2: Forklare rollen til hydrogen som energibærer i fotosyntese og celleånding Gjør rede for struktur og egenskaper til ATP Jeg har brukt kvalitativ dokumentanalyse av typen rettet innholdsanalyse og analysert hvordan disse 2 kompetansemålene er fremstilt og testes i 3 læreverk (Kjemi 2, Kjemien stemmer 2, Aqua 2) og 10 skriftlige eksamener fra 2013-2017. Kompetansemålene er først brutt ned til enkeltkompetanser basert på mine egne tolkninger av målene. Disse er videre benyttet til å analysere hvilke temaer som er vektlagt i læreverk og eksamener i Kjemi 2. I tillegg til å analysere hvilke temaer som er vektlagt, ble kategoriseringsverktøyet til Davila & Talanquer (2010) brukt til å kategorisere eksamensoppgavene og oppgavene fra læreverkene etter kognitivt nivå. Gjennom disse analysene har det store tolkningsrommet i kompetansemålene kommet til syne. Lærebokforfatterne har valgt ulike løsninger med tanke på hva de vektlegger, hvor mange detaljer de inkluderer i forklaringene, og hva de tester i oppgavene. Eksamen har generelt oppgaver på høyere kognitive nivåer enn læreverkene, og har i tillegg en tydelig større andel oppgaver om hydrogenbæreren NADH. Mange av oppgavene som omhandler NADH på eksamen kan løses ved å bruke andre kjemikompetanser som f.eks. massebalanse. Det er derfor usikkert om disse oppgavene gir uttrykk for elevenes kompetanse knyttet til læreplanmålet i biokjemi

Concrete Plates Designed with FEM - Prosjektering av betongplater med FEM

Most engineering companies design plates by use of finite element programs that are entirely automated. The program decides the element type, the meshing, and performs all the calculations. Often, the automatic procedure is hidden for the user, and it's difficult for the engineer to verify that the analysis is done correctly. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to describe how concrete plates should be modelled in commercial design software, and how a selection of design programs perform the automatic design procedure. The focus has been on plates subjected primarily to bending in both the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and in the Serviceability Limit State (SLS). When modelling a plate, the element type and mesh are often defined automatically by the software while the boundary conditions need to be specifed by the user. It is normally recommended to use pinned support at the centre of columns or walls, because it avoids unintended rotational restraint. It is, however, also possible to model more realistically, with spring supports, if: The stress distribution over the support is of interest The rotational restraint from the support is of importance for the stresses in the plate. The theory background and manuals for a chosen set of design programs were examined to figure out how the automatic design procedure for concrete plates can be carried out. The main problem of plate design is that, in contrast to simple beam theory, plates also contain twisting moments. This causes the reinforcement and the principal moments to be in different directions. The main steps of the design procedure in ULS are to rotate the stress resultants to the directions of the reinforcement, and then calculate either the design moments, or imaginary in-plane forces. These forces are then used to find the required reinforcement for the upper and lower layer of the plate. An essential difference between the programs is the assumptions for the stress distribution in the cross section, and the internal lever arm. The programs are also separated by the way they define the crack angle. Normally, the crack angle is assumed to be 45 degrees in order to achieve a minimum amount of reinforcement. If, however, only one reinforcement direction is needed, the optimal crack angle is no longer 45 degrees. In that case, some of the programs, like "FEM design", calculates a new optimal crack angle. In SLS, the programs differ in the way the stiffness reduction due to cracks is accounted for. One alternative is to reduce the stiffness locally in elements where the concrete is cracked. Another alternative is to give the whole plate a reduced stiffness to achieve a smooth deformation pattern. The crack width is controlled by either of the following two approaches: Direct calculation of the crack width, and comparing this with the maximum allowed width Indirect calculation where the diameter and spacing of the reinforcement bars are controlled against tabulated maximum value