Okrugli stol: "Mreža naselja u umreženom društvu: društvene i prostorne promjene u nekim tranzicijskim zemljama": Institut za društvena istraživanja u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 2. lipnja 2006.

IN CROATIAN: Okrugli stol Mreža naselja u umreženom društvu: društvene i prostorne promjene u nekim tranzicijskim zemljama održan je 2. lipnja 2006. godine u Institutu za društvena istraživanja u Zagrebu. Organizirala ga je grupa za istraživanje prostora, sela i grada iz IDIZ-a vezujući ga uz znanstvenoistraživački projekt Sociološki aspekti mreže naselja u kontekstu tranzicije (2002.-2005.). Navedeni projekt i okrugli stol realizirani su uz novčanu potporu Ministarstva obrazovanja, znanosti i športa RH. Okrugli stol bio je podijeljen na dva tematska dijela. U prvom dijelu, pod nazivom Mreža naselja u umreženom društvu, raspravljalo se o tematskom broju Sociologije sela (169/2005.) s radovima na temu Sociologijski aspekti mreže naselja, proizišlim iz spomenutoga projekta. U drugom dijelu otvorena je diskusija na temu Akteri društvenih promjena u prostoru i to kako u Hrvatskoj tako i u nama susjednim tranzicijskim zemljama, Sloveniji i Srbiji. Iz Slovenije su sudjelovali i izlagali prof dr. Zdravko Mlinar i dr. sc. Marjan Hoćevar (obojica iz Ljubljane), a iz Srbije dr. sc. Ksenija Petovar, dr. sc. Sreten Vujović, dr. sc. Miodrag Vujošević (svi iz Beograda) i dr. sc. Ljubinko Pušić (iz Novog Sada). Iz Hrvatske su, uz sudionike iz Instituta za društvena istraživanja u Zagrebu, bili pozvani izlagači iz nekoliko institucija - Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Instituta društvenih znanosti "Ivo Pilar" iz Zagreba, Studijskog centra za socijalni rad Pravnoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Ministarstva zaštite okoliša, graditeljstva i prostornog uređenja, te nekih drugih institucija. U spomenutom tematskom broju Sociologije sela objavljena su dva podskupa radova koji se odnose na fenomen umreženoga društva (networked society) i mrežu naselja (settlements network). Prvi podskup čine radovi proizišli iz znanstvenoistraživačkog projekta Sociološki aspekti mreže naselja u kontekstu tranzicije u kojem je objavljeno pet izvornih znanstvenih radova troje istraživača - Alije Hodžića, Dušice Seferagić i Milana Župančića. Drugi podskup sadrži pet predmetno srodnih tekstova šestoro inozemnih autora - Marjana Hočevara i Zdravka Mlinara iz Slovenije, Ksenije Petovar i Ljubinka Pušića iz Srbije, te Zorana Roce i Marije de Nazare Oliveira Roca iz Portugala. Skup je otvorila dr. sc. Dušica Seferagić i njime koordinirala u suradnji s mr. sc. Alijom Hodžicern. U uvodnim izlaganjima sudjelovali su i mr. sc. Alija Hodžić i Antun Petak (obojica iz Zagreba - IDIZ), koji su iznijeli iscrpna izvješća o rezultatima projekta. Zatim je slijedilo izlaganje dr. sc. Ljubinka Pušića (Novi Sad) o teorijskom diskursu i o stanju u Srbiji i Vojvodini u vrijeme tranzicije te promjenama u urbanim i ruralnim prostorima u njima. Milan Župančić (Zagreb - IDIZ) iznio je stanje u ruralnim sredinama Hrvatske u proteklom vremenu. Na temu umreženosti prostora govorili su i mr. sc. Anđelina Svirčić Gotovac (Zagreb - lDIZ) (ukratko je izložila problematiku svoga magistarskog rada o kvaliteti života u zagrebačkoj mreži naselja), te dr. sc. Marjan Hoćevar (Ljubljana) (o globalizacijskim uvjetima unutar postojećih mreža naselja u Sloveniji). Nakon izlaganja u prvom tematskom dijelu nastavljena je plodna diskusija u kojoj su sudjelovali brojni sudionici - Ivan Cifrić, Sreten Vujović, Zdravko Mlinar, Jasenka Kodrnja, Dušica Seferagić, Miodrag Vujošević, Ksenija Petovar, Ljubinko Pušić, Alija Hodžić ... Najzanimljivija su bila teoretska izlaganja i diskusije o prostorno-socijalnom diskursu (Pušić, Vujović, Vujošević, Cifrić, Hodžić ...) u kojima se dovode u pitanje dosadašnji pristupi prostoru "zapadno-centričnog tipa" te zastarjelo poimanje podjele na ruralno i urbano, s obzirom da su stvarne promjene u prostoru pokazale prožimanje tih dvaju prostora, pa onda i kategorija kojima se više ne mogu objasniti nova zbivanja u prostoru. VI Drugi dio okruglog stola na temu Akteri društvenih promjena u prostoru potaknut je prijedlogom istraživačkog projekta što ga je grupa za prostor, selo i grad IDIZ-a podnijela Ministarstvu znanosti, obrazovanja i športa Republike Hrvatske, ali i prethodnim istraživanjima koja pokazuju da je društveni prostor poprište sučeljavanja i kompeticija različitih aktera za postizanjem određenih ciljeva. U novom kontekstu akteri su svi subjekti koji svojim djelovanjem i interaktivnošću utječu na društvene promjene i razvoj određenog prostora, od lokalne i regionalne sredine do nacionalne i globalne razine. Oni utječu na upotrebu prostora, društveno strukturiranje, prostornu i socijalnu pokretljivost, na naseljenost i naseljsku morfologiju. U svome djelovanju različiti akteri koriste i različite resurse, izvore moći i kompetencije. Hrvatska je (kao i ostale tranzicijske zemlje) nagl koji, pod utjecajem neoliberalizma podliježu deregulaciji, otvorenosti, te društvenoj i prosto moj fleksibilnosti. Na djelu je troces u kojemu raste utjecaj globalnih aktera, a smanjuje se utjecaj državnoga rguliranja na različitim razinama prostorne organizacije društva. To se na lokalnoj razini najviše manifestira kroz sučeljavanje tradicionalnoga i modernoga što je Jjedno izazov i za domaće aktere da se uključe u globalizacijske trendove. Pritom nužno dolazi i do novoga restrukturiranja u prostoru pri čemu će brže napredovatilgradovi i regije koje se svojim intelektualnim kapitalom i informatičkom osposobljenošću mogu efikasnije uključivati u globalno i hijerarhijski umreženo društvo (Castelis, Soja, Sassen), U prostoru postoji snažna koncentracija financijske moći, infprmacija i kulturnog kapitala, pogotovo u megagradovima i svjetskim metropolarna, što ne isključuje i djelovanje prodornijih lokalnih aktera u urbanoj i ruralnoj ~Iredini (Mendras), Stoga bi ciljevi budućih istraživanja trebali biti prepoznavanje r zličitih tipova aktera koji svojim djelovanjem i interaktivnošću formiraju nove obli e društvene strukture, te promjene u prostoru, funkcioniranju grada, sela i lokalne zajednice. Prvo izlaganje na ovu temu iznio je prof. dr. sc. IZdravko Mlinar o brojnim teoretskim pristupima koji se bave akterima i strukturama u fizičkom i virtualnom prostoru. Naveo je niz primjera, oslanjajući se najviše na slučaj Kopra. Zatim je slijedilo izlaganje dr. sc. Sretena Vujovića o podjeli i utjecaju različitih aktera u urbanim prostorima Srbije danas. Dr. sc. Ksenija Petovar govorila je o brojnim uzurpacijama i malverzacijama u prostoru te negativnostima što ih sa sobom donose, također na primjeru Srbije. Dr. sc. Anka Mišetić iznijela je specifičan primjer iz hrvatske ruralne mreže naselja, kroz istraživanje o stanju u selima Lonjskog polja kao dijela europske i svjetske mreže naselja. I drugi dio okruglog stola izazvao je burnu diskusiju brojnih sudionika - Miodrag Vujošević, Ljubinko Pušić, Sreten Vujović, Dušica Seferagič, Anđelina Svirčic Gotovac, Zdravko Mlinar, Alija Hodžić, Marjan Hočevar, Antun Petak ... Referati i diskusije o analiziranim fenomenima pokazali su sličnosti i različitosti u trima zemljama - Sloveniji, Hrvatskoj i Srbiji, u europskom i u globalnom kontekstu. Slovenija je visokourbanizirana zemlja, s najvišim standardom života stanovništva. Teza M. Hočevara o sklonosti Slovenaca ruralnom načinu života može se propitati ali i objasniti urbaniziranošču cijelog njezina prostora, fizičkom dostupnošcu svih urbanih dobara te izvrsnim prometnim vezama među naseljima. Hrvatska ima piramidainu mrežu naselja, sa Zagrebom kao metropolom na vrhu, ima tri makroregionalna centra (Split, Rijeka i Osijek), s većim brojem srednjih gradova te mnogo manjih gradova i sela; potonji ne pokazuju razvojne potencijale, što zbog politike centralizacije što zbog inertnosti lokalnih aktera. Srbija je u cjelini oslonjena na glavni grad, Beograd, koji još uvijek privlači najviše stanovnika Srbije te Bosne i Hercegovine, dok provincija propada. Uz Beograd, ističe se još samo Novi Sad, kao glavni grad Vojvodine, premda je Vojvodina više urbanizirana od uže Srbije. Kvaliteta života, posebno u Beogradu, pokazuje velike nejednakosti potencirane neregularnim neoliberalnim ponašanjem aktera u prostoru. Slična, ali blaža konstatacija odnosi se i na Zagreb. Pitanje mreže naselja u trima navedenim tranzicijskim zemljama ovisi o stupnju njihove opće društvene razvijenosti ali i o različitim koncepcijama razvoja prostora: policentričnosti u Sloveniji, piramidalnosti u Hrvatskoj, te monocefalnosti u Srbiji. Cilj ovoga skupa bio je potaknuti daljnju suradnju medu istraživačima iz zemalja koje su, kako se ovdje i pokazalo, dijelile slične probleme i sličnu tranzicijsku sudbinu, a potom ušle u grube neoliberalne sustave. Svaka od prisutnih zemalja specifična je na svoj način, te je namjera sudionika okruglog stola bila osvijetliti postojeću situaciju u njima, aktualizirajuči pri tom problematiku umreženosti prostora odnosno društva u cjelini. ---------- IN ENGLISH: The round table Settlements network in a networked society: Social changes and changes in regional space in some transitional countries took place on the 2nd of June 2006 at the Institute for Social Research in Zagreb. The round table was organized by the Group for research of the regional space, village and town from the Institute that associated it with their own research project: Sociological aspects of the settlements network in the context of transition (2002 - 2005). The said project and the round table were subsidized by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports. The round table was divided into two parts. The first part The Settlements Network in the Networked Society included the discussion on the speciai theme edition (169/2005) Sociology of Viliage Sociological Aspects of the Settlements Network resulting out of this project, while the second consisted of the discussion on Protagonists of Social Changes in Regional Space in Croatia and in our neighboring transitional countries such as Slovenia and Serbia, as well. The participants from Slovenia were professor Zdravko Mlinar (Ljubljana), Ph.D. and Marjan Hoćevar, Ph.D. (Ljubljana) and from Serbia Ksenija Petovar, Ph.D. (Belgrade), Sreten Vujović, Ph.D. (Belgrade), Miodrag Vujošević, Ph.D (Belgrade) and Ljubinko Pušić, Ph.D. (Novi Sad). Besides the participants from the Institute for Social Research in Zagreb, the participants from some other institutions were also invited - from the Faculty of Philosophy, Institute of Social Sciences "Ivo Pilar" from Zagreb, University Study Center for Social Work at the Law Faculry in Zagreb and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction and also some individuals. OI Two groups of papers related to the phenomenon of networked society and the settlements network were published in the special theme edition Sociology of Village =Sociological Aspects of Village Network. The first group consists of the papers resulted from the said research project Sociological aspects of the settlements network in the context of transition where were published five original papers made by three authors - Alija Hodžić, Dušica Seferagić and Milan Župančić. Another group consists of five topically related papers by six foreign authors - Marjan Hočevar and Zdravko Mlinar from Slovenia, Ksenija Petovar and Ljubinko Pušić from Serbia and Zoran Roca and Maria de Nazare Oliveira Roca from Portugal. The conference was opened and coordinated by Dušica Sefaragič, Ph.D. and Alija Hodžić, MD. Alija Hodžić, MD (Zagreb, Institute for Social Research) and Antun Petak (Zagreb, Institute for Social Research) o also made the keynote speeches with detailed reports on the project and its results, After that followed the reports by Ljubinko Pušić, Ph.D. (Novi Sad) on the situation in Serbia and Voivodina in the period of transition and changes in urban and rural spaces there. Milan Župančić (Zagreb, Institute for Social Research) presented the situation in the past years in Croatia from the aspects of the rural milieu. After that Andelina Svirćić Gotovac, MD (Zagreb, Institute for Social Research) made ashort presentation of her MD thesis on the quality of life in the Zagreb settlements network and Marjan Hočevar, Ph.D. (Ljubljana) spoke about globalization conditions within the existing settlements network in Slovenia and in the world context. The first topically related part was followed by a creative discussion in which many speakers and participants took part (Cifrić, Vujović, Mlinar, Kodrnja, Seferagić, Vujošević, Petovar, Pušić, Hodžić and others), The most interesting presentations and discussions were those on the socio - regional space discourse (Pušić, Vujović, Vujošević, Cifrić, Hodžić and others) that question the past approach es to the regional space "of Western- centric type" and an obsolete concept of division between rural and urban, having in mind that the real changes in the regional space have shown the interpenetration of these spaces and of categories as well which can not explain the new occurrences in the regional space any more. The second part of the round table with the ma in topic Protagonists of Social Changes in the Regional Space was incited by a research proposal of the Group for the regional space, village and town of the Institute for Social Research in Zagreb to the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports, and it was also based on previous researches that have shown that social space is the arena of confrontations and competitions of various protagonists aiming at achieving certain goa ls. In the new context the protagonists are all those entities that by their acting and interacting affect social changes and development in a certain space, from the local and regional rnilieu to the national and global level. They influence using the space, social structuring, spatial and social mobility, population density and morpbology of the settlements. Different protagonists use different resources, sources of power and competences. Croatia has been (as well as other countries in transition) suddenly affected by globalization processes, which, under the influence of neoliberalism, set forth the requirements of deregulation, openness, and social and spatial flexibility. The presumption is that we are facing right now a process of an increasing influence of global protagonists and a diminishing impact of govemmental regulation at various levels of spatial organization of society. At the local level it is manifested the most through the confrontation of the traditional and modem and this is a challenge for different local protagonists to join the trends of globalization. This inevitably leads to the new restructuring in the regional space. The towns and regions that, with the ir intellectual capital and IT competence, can integrate into a global and hierarchically networked society (Castells, Soja, Sassen), will advance quicker. There is a strong concentration of financial power, information, culturai capital in the megapolises and world metropolises, but this does not necessary exclude the activities of some more penetrating 10- cal protagonists in the urban and rural area (Mendras). This is the reason why the objective of future researches should be the recognition of the different types of the protagonists that by their acting and interacting create new forms of social structure, changes in the space, functioning of town, village and local community. The subject matter of the first presentation by professor Zdravko Milinar, Ph.D. (Ljubljana) comprised the various theoretic approaches dealing with the protagonnists and structures in the physical and virtual space. He quoted many examples, with a stress on the city of Koper. After that Sreten Vujović, Ph.D. (Belgrade) spoke about a division and influence of different protagonists in urban areas today on the case of Serbia. Ksenija Petovar, Pb.D. spoke about many so-called usurpations and malversations in the space and the negativities that they bring, also on the case of Serbia. Anka Mišetić, Ph.D. (Zagreb, Ivo Pilar Institute) presented a specific exarnple from the Croatian rural settlements network on the research of the present situation in the villages of Lonjsko polje as a part of the European and world settlements network. The second part of the round table also set off an ardent discussion of many participants - Miodrag Vujoševič, Ljubinko Pušić, Sreten Vujović, Dušica Seferagić, Andelina Svirčić Gotovac, Zdravko Mlinar, Alija Hodžić, Marjan Hočevar, Antun Petak etc. The presentation and discussions showed the similarities and differences of the three countries: Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia (which have also existed before) in a European and global context. Slovenia is a highly urbanized country with the highest standard of living. The thesis of M. Hočevar of an inclination of the Slovenians to a rural way of life can be questioned but also explained by the urbanization of the whole territory, physical availability of all urban goods and excellent traffic connections. Croatia has a pyramidal settlements network with Zagreb as the metropolis on top, three macro-regional centers, a number of medium-size towns and many small towns and numerous smail villages. The latter don't show the developmental potentials due to the centralization policy and the inertness of local protagonists as well. Serbia is by and large leaned on its capital Belgrade that stiil attracts the most of the inhabitants from Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the provinces are decaying. Besides Belgrade, only Novi Sad stands out as the capital of Voivodina, although Voivodina is more urbanized than Serbia proper ("narrower" Serbia). The quality of life, especiaily in Belgrade, shows huge disparities intensified by irregular and neoliberal doings of the protagonists in the regional space. The similar but less emphasized statement can be applied to Zagreb as well. The question of the settlements network in the three above mentioned transitional countries depends on the degree of the ir general social development but also on various concepts of development of the regional space: policentricity in Slovenia, pyramidality in Croatia and monocephality in Serbia. We hope that this conferenee will help the future cooperation of the scholars from the countries that, as it was seen here, shared the similar problems and similar transitional destiny and after that entered the rough neoliberal systems. Each of the present countries is specific in its own way, so the intention is to explain the present situation in them and make the problems of the networked space, respectively, current society as a whole, actual

Artificial Water Accumulations for Snowmaking on Eastern Pohorje (Slovenia): Breeding Sites and Ecological Traps for Amphibians

Umetni vodni habitati so lahko za dvoživke mesta za razmnoževanje kot tudi ekološke pasti. Vodne akumulacije za umetno zasneževanje niso optimalni habitati za dvoživke in o njihovem razmnoževanju v teh vodnih telesih je malo znanega. V raziskavi smo dvoživke vzorčili v dveh akumulacijah za umetno zasneževanje na območju Mariborskega Pohorja. Ena se nahaja ob vznožju Pohorja (312 m nmv) v urbanem okolju, druga pa na pobočju Pohorja (560 m nmv), obdana z gozdom, ki je del Natura 2000 območja Pohorje. V akumulacijah smo skupno potrdili razmnoževanje sedmih vrst dvoživk: velikega pupka (Triturus carnifex), planinskega pupka (Ichthyosaura alpestris), navadnega pupka (Lissotriton vulgaris), hribskega urha (Bombina variegata), navadne krastače (Bufo bufo), sekulje (Rana temporaria) in rosnice (Rana dalmatina). Hribski urh in veliki pupek spadata med kvalifikacijske vrste za Natura 2000 območje Pohorje. V akumulaciji ob vznožju Pohorja, v kateri so bile tudi ribe, razmnoževanje dvoživk ni bilo uspešno. V akumulaciji na pobočju Pohorja, kjer rib ni bilo, sta strma brežina (30–60°) iz nepokrite geomembrane in nizka gladina vode povzročili pogin odraslih hribskih urhov in številnih (> 500) mladostnih osebkov rjavih žab. Upad gladine vode je povzročil tudi propad jajc in zarodkov velikega pupka. Akumulaciji za zasneževanje sta iz več vidikov neprimerni za dvoživke, vendar jih te kljub temu porabljajo za razmnoževanje. Za zmanjšanje poginov dvoživk bi bili potrebni naslednji ukrepi: ohranjanje maksimalnega vodostaja v času razmnoževanja (marec–julij), pokritost geomembrane in zmanjšanje naklona brežine akumulacije, kar bi dvoživkam olajšalo izhod iz akumulacije, odstranitev rib z jesenskim praznjenjem akumulacije in preprečevanje povozov na cestah ob akumulaciji.Artificial water habitats can be breeding sites for amphibians but may also function as ecological traps. Water accumulations for artificial snowmaking are not optimal habitats for amphibians, and little is known about their reproduction in these water bodies. In this study, we sampled amphibians in two accumulations for snowmaking in the Mariborsko Pohorje area. One is located at the foothills of Pohorje (312 m a.s.l.) in an urban environment, and the other on the slopes of Pohorje (560 m a.s.l.), surrounded by forest that is part of the Natura 2000 Pohorje. In total, we confirmed the reproduction of seven amphibian species in these accumulations: Italian Crested Newt (Triturus carnifex), Alpine Newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris), Smooth Newt (Lissotriton vulgaris), Yellow-bellied Toad (Bombina variegata), Common Toad (Bufo bufo), Common Frog (Rana temporaria), and Agile Frog (Rana dalmatina). The Yellow-bellied Toad and the Italian Crested Newt are qualifying species for the Natura 2000 Pohorje site. In the accumulation at the foothill of Pohorje, where fish were present, amphibian reproduction was unsuccessful. In the accumulation on the slope of Pohorje, where there were no fish, the steep banks (30–60°) with uncovered geomembrane and the low water level led to the mortality of adult Yellow-bellied Toads and numerous (>500) juvenile Rana sp. frogs. The drop in water level also resulted in the stranding of eggs and embryos of the Italian Crested Newt. Snowmaking reservoirs are unsuitable for amphibians in several respects, yet they still use them for breeding. To reduce amphibian mortality, the following measures should be implemented: maintaining maximum water levels during the breeding season (March–July), covering the geomembrane and reducing the bank steepness to facilitate amphibian exit, removing fish through autumn reservoir drainage, and preventing roadkill on roads adjacent to the reservoirs

The Role of Metabolism in the Estrogenic Activity of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

Exposure to several natural and synthetic chemicals can disrupt the endocrine system and thus present a threat to human health. In vivo, such chemicals can be metabolized, which can change the endocrine activity of the parent chemical. Metabolism is usually considered to be a detoxification process, as it generally appears to reduce the estrogenic activity of a chemical and accelerate its elimination from the body. This is seen for bisphenol A (BPA), a known agonist of the estrogen receptor, whereby BPA glucuronide has no effects on this receptor. In contrast, numerous metabolites that show significantly greater estrogenic activities from their parent chemicals have been described in the literature. An example is the ipso metabolite of BPA, 4-methyl-2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene, which shows >100-fold estrogenic activity compared to BPA. Consideration of metabolic pathways in in vitro models is therefore of great importance for reliable analysis and correct in vitro to in vivo correlations. The inclusion of metabolic aspects in these assays will reduce false-positive data for chemicals that are detoxified in vivo and false-negative data for proestrogens. Different approaches for this incorporation of metabolic systems for determination of estrogenic activities are already in use and are described in the present chapter

TOLERANZ ALS NOTWENDIGE VORAUSSETZUNG FUR MENSCHLICHE GEMEINSCHAFT UND MENSCHENWURDE

Uovom tekstu nastojali smo izvesti tezu o toleranciji (trpeljivosti) i uvažavanju nekih ljudskih spekulativnih i praktičnih različitosti kao nužnom uvjetu i sastavnici doista ljudskoga zajedništva (societas), a koje kao takvo omogućuje i temeljno ljudsko dostojanstvo svojih pripadnika - pojedinaca i raznih socio-kulturnih skupina. No, valja ovdje naglasiti da ni tolerancija ne može biti neograničena. Neke izravne nehumane postupke i shvaćanja što ugrožavaju osnovna prava i slobodu drugih ne samo da se ne može tolerirati, već im se u ime elementarne ljudskosti treba suprotstaviti. Radi navedene nakane, prvo su određeni i razloženi u naslovu spomenuti pojmovi: zajedništvo, dostojanstvo i tolerancija, da bi se zatim pokazala i njihova naznačena relacija. Na kraju, ovaj tekst se zauzima za dijalog (dia-logos) kao daljnji stupanj uljuđenosti i odnos među ljudima u uvjetima neizbježne multikulturalnosti, osobito naših prostora.In this text we have tried to develop a thesis signifying that tolerance and respect of certain human speculative and practical differences is a necessity and constituent part of the truly human togetherness societas, which as such enables the fundamental human dignity of its members - individuals and various socio-cultural groups. However, it should be stressed that even tolerance cannot be limitless. Not only can we not tolerate some outwardly inhuman modes of behavior and viewpoints threatening the basic rights and freedoms of others, but we have to, in the name of elementary humanness, stand up against them. Having in mind this intention, the author first defines and expounds the terms mentioned in the title: togetherness, dignity and tolerance, in order to then demonstrate their designated relations. Finally, this text supports dialogue dia-logos as a further degree of civilized interaction amongst people in circumstances of inimitable multiculturality, especially in this part of the world.Der Verfasser dieses Textes bemi.iht sich um den Nachweis der These, da~ Toleranz sowie die Respektierung bestimmter spekulativer und praktischer Unterschiede zwischen den Menschen notwendig sind als Voraussetzung und Bestandteil einer wirklich menschlichen societas, welche erst eine elementare Menschenwi.irde al/er ihrer Mitglieder - sowohl der Individuel/en __als auch der Mitglieder diverser sozio-kultureller Gruppen - m6g- !ich macht. Es murš hier aber betont werden, da~ auch Toleranz ihre Grenzen hat. Inhumane Verfahrensweisen und Auffassungen, die die menschlichen Grundrechte und Freiheiten unmittelbar gefahrden, k6nnen nicht nur nicht toleriert, sondern mi.issen im Namen elementarer Menschlichkeit auch angefochten werden. Zum Ziel seines intendierten Nachweises bestimmt und erlautert der Verfasser zunaehst die in der Oberschrift angefOhrten Begriffe Gemeinschaft, Wi.irde und Toleranz, um sodann ihre angedeuteten Relationen aufzuzeigen. Der Text befOrwortet schliefšlich den Dialog - dia-logos - als weitere Stufe der Kultiviertheit und zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen in den Verhaltnissen unausweichlicher Multikulturalitat vor allem des sudosteuropaisehen Raums

Philosophy and Social and Historical Life

Philosophical thinking and its history are significantly connected with the social and historical world and its changes. This connection, of course, is not monocausal nor does it go on in only one direction, nor is it reductionist and leaving no remnants (because this would ultimately lead to a theory of reflection, or, on the other hand, to a non-historical speculativism). It, rather, means that philosophical thinking in essence does not go on detached from the historical and social reality, whether gathering its basic relations and processes, whether opening new historical possibilities. If it is truly real, it springs from the historical, social and living practice and it flows back into it as its orientation and signpost, what means that philosophical thinking as such basically influences the events of human historical world and man’s social and individual (philosopher’s) life

DIE GESELLSCHAFTSWISSENSCHAFT UND DIE GESELLSCHAFTLICHEN WANDLUNGEN

Znanost o društvu kao najopćenitija društvena (i humanistička) znanost, kao znanost o globalnom društvu kao konkretno-povijesnoj cjelini, u sprezi sa socijalnom filozofijom i filozofijom povijesti, per definition em je upućena, osim na društvenu strukturu, i na socijalnu dinamiku, budući da je ljudsko društvo po svojoj biti povijesno, tj. podložno promjenama tijekom vremena. U svom prilazu društvenim promjenama znanost o društvu treba ih ponajprije detektirati i distingvirati, otkriti zakonitosti ili barem pravilnosti njihova zbivanja, uzroke i posljedice njihova pojavljivanja te na temelju toga, uza sav metodologijski oprez, predvidjeti moguće tendencije njihova događanja. Ukratko, znanost o društvu treba ponuditi i zauzeti se za racionalno (znanstveno) objašnjenje društvenih promjena kao temelj njihovom racionalnom i humanom, društveno korisnom usmjerenju.Social science as the most general of social (and humanistic) sciences, as the science of global society seen as a concretelyhistorical whole, together with social philosophy and phylosophy of history, by definition refers to social dynamics as well as to social structure, due to the fact that human society is in essence historical, Le. subject to changes in time. In its approach to social change social science should primarily detect and distinguish changes, discover laws or at least regularities of their occurence, the causes and consequences of social change, and based on that, with all due methodological caution, predict possible tendencies of changes occuring in the future. To put it briefly, social science should offer and plead for rational (scientific) explanation of social change as a basis for providing change which will be rational and humane in character and of a socially beneficial orientation.Die Gesellschaftswissenschaft als die allgemeinste Geisteswissenschaft ist als die Wissenschaft uber die Globalgesellschaft als eine konkrete geschichtliche Einheit im Zusammenhang mit der Philosophie und Philosophie der Geischichte per definitonem auBer auf die Gesellschaftsstruktur auch auf die soziale Dynamik hingewiesen, da die menschliche Gesellschaft ihrem Wesen nach geschichtlich, d. h. von den Anderungen im Laufe der Zeit abhangig ist. Bei ihrer Auseinandersetzung mit den gesellschaftlichen Wandlungen soll sie die Gesellschaftswissenschaft zuerst detektieren und distinguieren, die GesetzmaBigkeiten oder wenigstens RegelmaBigkeiten ihres Vorkommens, die Ursachen und Folgen ihrer Erscheinung entdecken und aufgrund dessen mit aller methodologischen Vorsicht m6gliche Tendenzen ihres Vorkommens voraussehen. Die Gesellschaftswissenschaft soll kurz gesagt eine rationelIe (wissenschaftliche) Erklarunq der gesellschaftlichen Wandlungen als Basis ihrer rationelien und humanen, gesellschaftIich nutzlichen Orintierung anbieten und sich datur einsetzen