The Relationships and Connections Between International and National Law

The paper is an English translation of Wzajemny stosunek i związki pomiędzy prawem międzynarodowym i prawem krajowym by Krzysztof Skubiszewski, published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1986. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studies on international law.The paper is an English translation of Wzajemny stosunek i związki pomiędzy prawem międzynarodowym i prawem krajowym by Krzysztof Skubiszewski, published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1986. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studies on international law

International Responsibility for Occupation Currency

The paper is an English translation of Odpowiedzialność międzynarodowa za pieniądz okupacyjny by Krzysztof Skubiszewski, published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1960. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studies on international law.The paper is an English translation of Odpowiedzialność międzynarodowa za pieniądz okupacyjny by Krzysztof Skubiszewski, published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1960. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studies on international law

Responsibility for Currency in an Occupied Territory

The paper is an English translation of the chapter Odpowiedzialność za pieniądz na terytorium okupowanym from Pieniądz na terytorium okupowanym. Studium prawnomiędzynarodowe ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem praktyki niemieckiej by Krzysztof Skubiszewski published originally in Polish by Instytut Zachodni Publishing House in 1960. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review “100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achievements of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań

The Significance of the Legislative Resolutions of International Organizations for the Development of International Law

The paper is an English translation of Uchwały prawotwórcze organizacji międzynarodowych: przegląd zagadnień i analiza wstępna by Krzysztof Skubiszewski, published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1965. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studieson international law.The paper is an English translation of Uchwały prawotwórcze organizacji międzynarodowych: przegląd zagadnień i analiza wstępna by Krzysztof Skubiszewski, published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1965. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studieson international law

Laura Chinellato, Arte longobarda in Friuli: l’ara di Ratchis a Cividale. La ricerca e la riscoperta delle policromie

Bien que l’objet de cette monographie, le cippe de l’autel de Ratchis conservé au Museo Cristiano de Cividale, soit d’une époque antérieure à celle habituellement traitée par les Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale, le livre de L. Chinellato mérite d’être signalé aux lecteurs de notre revue. Les quatre plaques en pierre calcaire composant cette pièce sont sculptées en relief et elles nous livrent le plus ancien exemple connu d’un autel décoré de thèmes chrétiens sur ses quatre faces. Son progra..

GC-Consistent Cuts of Databases

Projet RODINWe introduce a new method for concurrent garbage collection in object-oriented databases. For this purpose, we define a {\em cut} of a database to be a collection containing one or more copies of every page in the database; the copies may have been made at different times during the operation of the database. We define a class of cuts called {\em GC-consistent cuts}, and prove formally that a garbage collector can correctly determine which objects to delete by examining a GC-consistent cut of a database instead of the database itself. We show that GC-consistent cuts can synchronize the concurrent collector with the mutator, \ie perform the task usually assigned to a write barrier: while a database is in operation, a GC-consistent cut of it can be built in an efficient and inobtrusive way, and, while still under construction, can be used by a garbage collector. We investigate other fundamental properties of GC-consistent cuts. We compare their consistency properties with those of causal cuts of distributed systems. We show that although the reachability of objects in a GC-consistent cut is inherited from the underlying database, many other interesting properties of the cut are unrelated to those of the database; this weak consistency is related to the low cost of building GC-consistent cuts

Przed dziełem sztuki. Wspomnienia ze studiów

The present essay includes the author’s memories of his university studies and the intellectual formation that he received as a student of art history at the University of Poznań in 1949-1954. His first professor who opened to him the door to art history and exerted on him a strong intellectual influence, was Szczęsny Dettloff, a disciple of Heinrich Wölfflin in Munich and Max Dvořák in Vienna. Dettloff taught his students that the foundation of studying art in history is the study of the form of an individual artwork He believed that without a proper analysis of form it is impossible to construct appropriate series of the works of art and specify their position in the culture of the times of their origin. Similar sensitivity to form and the understanding of its significance for the art historian’s work were represented by two other professors important for the author, both educated by Dettloff already before World War II: Gwido Chmarzyński and Zdzisław Kępiński. When in 1957–1968 the author was a postgraduate student in the Centre d’Études Supérieures de Civilisation Médiévale at the University of Poitiers (CÉSCM), it turned out that the local methodological tradition was similar to what he had learned in Poznań before. The CÉSCM was founded as a multidisciplinary institute for the study of the Middle Ages, combining history, art history, literary history, and the history of ideas. It was important that one of them could shed light on an object studied by another, but each of them, including art history, kept its material and methodological identity. In the French tradition, art history had an “autonomous” status, focusing on artistic creation as a special sphere of human activity. That idea influenced also quite strongly the study of medieval architecture, originated in the early 19th century by Arcisse de Caumont, and continued until today by many generations of French scholars. What is characteristic of their research is meticulous analysis of form, articulated with a precise, detailed, and comprehensive specialist vocabulary. The lectures of French scholars on medieval architecture, which the author attended in Paris and Poitiers, taught him precision in the analysis of the artwork’s structure and its components, as well as responsibility for every single statement made on art. For a young art historian who did not specialize in architecture but in representational arts, that French experience was a lesson of methodological rigor necessary in the intellectual pursuits of the humanities scholar. </jats:p