Respect for Grizzly Bears: An Aboriginal Approach for Co-existence and Resilience

Aboriginal peoples’ respect for grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) is widely acknowledged, but rarely explored, in wildlife management discourse in northern Canada. Practices of respect expressed toward bears were observed and grouped into four categories: terminology, stories, reciprocity, and ritual. In the southwest Yukon, practices in all four categories form a coherent qualitative resource management system that may enhance the resilience of the bear-human system as a whole. This system also demonstrates the possibility of a previously unrecognized human role in maintaining productive riparian ecosystems and salmon runs, potentially providing a range of valued social-ecological outcomes. Practices of respect hold promise for new strategies to manage bear-human interactions, but such successful systems may be irreducibly small scale and place based

'Who's a good boy?!' Dogs prefer naturalistic dog-directed speech

Infant-directed speech (IDS) is a special speech register thought to aid language acquisition and improve affiliation in human infants. Although IDS shares some of its properties with dog-directed speech (DDS), it is unclear whether the production of DDS is functional, or simply an overgeneralisation of IDS within Western cultures. One recent study found that, while puppies attended more to a script read with DDS compared with adult-directed speech (ADS), adult dogs displayed no preference. In contrast, using naturalistic speech and a more ecologically valid set-up, we found that adult dogs attended to and showed more affiliative behaviour towards a speaker of DDS than of ADS. To explore whether this preference for DDS was modulated by the dog-specific words typically used in DDS, the acoustic features (prosody) of DDS or a combination of the two, we conducted a second experiment. Here the stimuli from experiment 1 were produced with reversed prosody, meaning the prosody and content of ADS and DDS were mismatched. The results revealed no significant effect of speech type, or content, suggesting that it is maybe the combination of the acoustic properties and the dog-related content of DDS that modulates the preference shown for naturalistic DDS. Overall, the results of this study suggest that naturalistic DDS, comprising of both dog-directed prosody and dog-relevant content words, improves dogs' attention and may strengthen the affiliative bond between humans and their pets

How can a multimodal approach to primate communication help us understand the evolution of communication?

Scientists studying the communication of non-human animals are often aiming to better understand the evolution of human communication, including human language. Some scientists take a phylogenetic perspective, where the goal is to trace the evolutionary history of communicative traits, while others take a functional perspective, where the goal is to understand the selection pressures underpinning specific traits. Both perspectives are necessary to fully understand the evolution of communication, but it is important to understand how the two perspectives differ and what they can and cannot tell us. Here, we suggest that integrating phylogenetic and functional questions can be fruitful in better understanding the evolution of communication. We also suggest that adopting a multimodal approach to communication might help to integrate phylogenetic and functional questions, and provide an interesting avenue for research into language evolution

Science for Place-based Socioecological Management: Lessons from the Maya Forest (Chiapas and Petén)

The role humans should play in conservation is a pervasive issue of debate in environmental thinking. Two long-established poles of this debate can be identified on a preservation-sustainable use continuum. At one extreme are use bans and natural science-based, top-down management for preservation. At the other extreme is community-based, multidisciplinary management for sustainable resource use and livelihoods. In this paper, we discuss and illustrate how these two strategies have competed and conflicted in conservation initiatives in the Maya forest (MF) of the Middle Usumacinta River watershed (Guatemala and Mexico). We further argue that both extremes have produced unconvincing results in terms of the region’s sustainability. An alternative consists of sustainability initiatives based on place-based and integrated-knowledge approaches. These approaches imply a flexible combination of disciplines and types of knowledge in the context of nature-human interactions occurring in a place. They can be operationalized within the framework of sustainability science in three steps: 1) characterize the contextual circumstances that are most relevant for sustainability in a place; 2) identify the disciplines and knowledge(s) that need to be combined to appropriately address these contextual circumstances; and 3) decide how these disciplines and knowledge can be effectively combined and integrated. Epistemological flexibility in the design of analytic and implementation frameworks is key. Place-based and integrative-knowledge approaches strive to deal with local context and complexity, including that of human individuals and cultures. The success of any sustainability initiative will ultimately depend on its structural coupling with the context in which it is applied

Future Security for Iraq

Streaming audio requires RealPlayer.The University Archives has determined that this item is of continuing value to OSU's history.Walter B. Slocombe was, from May to November 2003, Senior Advisor and Director for Security Affairs (National Security and Defense) in the Coalition Provisional Authority for Iraq. Following his return from Iraq, he returned to his position as a partner at the Washington, DC, law firm of Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered, from which he was on leave during his service. At CPA, he supervised the program for creating a new Iraqi Army and for planning the new armed forces of the country, assisted in the coordination of other programs to establish new or reformed security services for Iraq, oversaw the program for paying interim stipends to former Iraqi military personnel, and advised the Iraqi interim authorities on setting up national security institutions and procedures suitable for the new Iraq.Ohio State University. Mershon Center for International Security Studiesweb page announcement, streaming audio, photo

Finding Satisfying Employment (1994)

"Reviewed January 15, 1994."Work places are changing faster now than at any time in our history, and the rate of change apparently will continue to increase. Few of us can still expect to work for the same employer for a lifetime. Today, the average person starting to work can expect to change jobs or careers six times before retirement

Learning from community forestry experience: Challenges and lessons from British Columbia

A multiple case study approach is used to investigate community forest implementation challenges in British Columbia, Canada. Stakeholder interviews, document review and visits to the case sites (Denman Island, Malcolm Island, Cortes Island and Creston) were used to collect data on events occurring between 1990 and 2005. In addition to case-specific challenges, our analysis confirmed common challenges related to a lack of support, consensus, and organizational resources as well as poor forest health and timber profiles, resistance from conventional forest management, and competition for land and tenures. Development pressure emerged as a challenge for communities without land use decisionmaking authority. The final section offers some lessons and recommendations. / Une approche d’études de cas multiples est utilisée pour étudier les défis découlant de l’implantation de forêts communautaires en Colombie-Britannique, Canada. Nous avons effectué des entrevues auprès des intervenants, une revue des documents et des visites sur le terrain (Denman Island, Malcolm Island, Cortes Island et Creston) afin de recueillir des données sur les événements survenus entre 1990 et 2005. En plus des défis spécifiques à chaque cas, notre analyse a confirmé des défis communs reliés à la faiblesse des appuis, à un consensus mitigé et un manque de ressources organisationnelles ainsi qu’un mauvais état de santé des forêts et une pauvre répartition de la qualité au niveau des tiges, à la résistance par rapport à l’aménagement forestier conventionnel et à la compétition pour l’utilisation du territoire et la forme de tenure. Les communautés n’ayant pas d’autorité en matière de prise de décision sur l’utilisation du territoire ont connu l’émergence de défis face à des pressions de développement. La dernière section présente quelques leçons et recommandations.Support for this work has been provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and inkind support has been generously provided by Western Forest Products.http://pubs.cif-ifc.org/doi/10.5558/tfc85293-