Näyttöön perustuva tuki- ja liikuntaelinsairauksien kuntoutus

103 s.Kelan rahoittaman TULES- eli tuki- ja liikuntaelinsairauksien kuntoutuksen standardien kehittämistä tukevan tutkimuksen (11/2013–8/2014) yhtenä osatavoitteena oli kartoittaa keskeisin tutkimusnäyttö tuki- ja liikuntaelinsairauksien vaikuttavasta kuntoutuksesta. Tämän työpaperin tarkoitus on antaa kuntoutuksen suunnittelijoille ja käytännön työntekijöille tietoa tämänhetkisen TULES-kuntoutuksen tutkimuksen tuloksista. Järjestelmällinen kirjallisuuskatsaus tuo esille vaikuttavaksi osoitettuja kuntoutusmuotoja. Tähän kirjallisuuskatsaukseen on lisäksi kerätty tietoa eri maiden kuntoutussuosituksista alaselän, niskan, olkapään sekä polven ja lonkan TULE-sairauksien osalta sekä kuntouttavan liikuntaharjoittelun perusteista. Järjestelmällinen tiedonhaku suoritettiin viiden vuoden ajalta; vuoden 2009 alusta vuoden 2013 loppuun saakka. Järjestelmällisen katsauksen päätulokset osoittivat aktiiviseen terapeuttiseen harjoitteluun perustuvien ohjelmien olevan vaikuttavia kaikkien katsauksessa mukana olleiden TULE-sairauksien kuntoutuksessa. Lisäksi todettiin manuaalisen terapian olevan vaikuttavaa alaselän ja niskan kuntoutuksessa. Kohtalaista tutkimusnäyttöä löytyi tiettyjen fysikaalisten hoitojen, mm. akupunktion, laserterapian ja pulsoivan magneettiterapian vaikuttavuudesta jokaisessa tutkitussa TULE-sairaudessa. Ohjauksellisista interventioista ainoastaan behavioraalisen terapian vaikuttavuus on osoitettu kohtalaiseksi alaselän kuntoutuksessa. Eri maiden ja yhdistysten suositukset painottavat tutkimusnäytön mukaisesti aktiivista harjoittelua niin selkä-, niska- kuin nivelkuntoutuksessa

A global horizon scan of the future impacts of robotics and autonomous systems on urban ecosystems

Technology is transforming societies worldwide. A major innovation is the emergence of robotics and autonomous systems (RAS), which have the potential to revolutionize cities for both people and nature. Nonetheless, the opportunities and challenges associated with RAS for urban ecosystems have yet to be considered systematically. Here, we report the findings of an online horizon scan involving 170 expert participants from 35 countries. We conclude that RAS are likely to transform land use, transport systems and human–nature interactions. The prioritized opportunities were primarily centred on the deployment of RAS for the monitoring and management of biodiversity and ecosystems. Fewer challenges were prioritized. Those that were emphasized concerns surrounding waste from unrecovered RAS, and the quality and interpretation of RAS-collected data. Although the future impacts of RAS for urban ecosystems are difficult to predict, examining potentially important developments early is essential if we are to avoid detrimental consequences but fully realize the benefits

Opportunities and challenges for monitoring terrestrial biodiversity in the robotics age

With biodiversity loss escalating globally, a step change is needed in our capacity to accurately monitor species populations across ecosystems. Robotic and autonomous systems (RAS) offer technological solutions that may substantially advance terrestrial biodiversity monitoring, but this potential is yet to be considered systematically. We used a modified Delphi technique to synthesize knowledge from 98 biodiversity experts and 31 RAS experts, who identified the major methodological barriers that currently hinder monitoring, and explored the opportunities and challenges that RAS offer in overcoming these barriers. Biodiversity experts identified four barrier categories: site access, species and individual identification, data handling and storage, and power and network availability. Robotics experts highlighted technologies that could overcome these barriers and identified the developments needed to facilitate RAS-based autonomous biodiversity monitoring. Some existing RAS could be optimized relatively easily to survey species but would require development to be suitable for monitoring of more ‘difficult’ taxa and robust enough to work under uncontrolled conditions within ecosystems. Other nascent technologies (for instance, new sensors and biodegradable robots) need accelerated research. Overall, it was felt that RAS could lead to major progress in monitoring of terrestrial biodiversity by supplementing rather than supplanting existing methods. Transdisciplinarity needs to be fostered between biodiversity and RAS experts so that future ideas and technologies can be codeveloped effectively

Opportunities and challenges for monitoring terrestrial biodiversity in the robotics age

With biodiversity loss escalating globally, a step-change is needed in our capacity to accurately monitor species populations across ecosystems. Robotic and autonomous systems (RAS) offer technological solutions that may significantly advance terrestrial biodiversity monitoring, but this potential is yet to be considered systematically. We used a modified Delphi technique to synthesise knowledge from 98 biodiversity and 31 RAS experts who identified the major methodological barriers that currently hinder monitoring, and explored the opportunities and challenges that RAS offer to overcome these barriers. Biodiversity experts identified four barrier categories: site access, species/individual identification, data handling/storage and power/network availability. Robotics experts highlighted technologies that could overcome these barriers and identified the developments needed to facilitate RAS-based autonomous biodiversity monitoring. Some existing RAS could be optimised relatively easily to survey species, but would require development to monitor more ‘difficult’ taxa and be robust enough to work in uncontrolled conditions within ecosystems. Other nascent technologies (e.g., novel sensors, biodegradable robots) need accelerated research. Overall, it was felt that RAS could lead to major progress in monitoring terrestrial biodiversity by supplementing, rather than supplanting, existing methods. Transdisciplinarity needs to be fostered between biodiversity and RAS experts, so future ideas and technologies can be co-developed effectively

Chapter 4: Biodiversity in cities – creating spaces for the coexistence of humans and wildlife

Each part of the city thereby has its own group of actors and potential for habitat development. Residential districts and business sites are unlikely places for wildlife conservation. However, in times of more attention to sustainable living, social entrepreneurship, business climate and health, both citizens and companies are becoming more interested in how to develop (natural) green in their living and working environment. In this chapter we discuss the overall phenomenon of green, biodiverse residential and business sites. We describe which characteristics of such locations provide opportunities for which type of wildlife, identify relevant stakeholder groups and accompanying arguments, and demonstrate the added value of biodiverse residential and business sites. One of our cases is the Heineken Brewery (100 ha) in Zoeterwoude (NL) where more than 20 ha of intensively managed urban green was turned into a wildlife habitat resulting in a sudden abundance of rare orchids, hover flies and other pollinators. Another case is a nature-inclusive residential area in Eindhoven (NL). We conclude the chapter with some lessons learned from studying the collaboration between site owners, local governments, NGOs and other actors in turning residential and business sites into green, wildlife-friendly living and working places