Detection of non-thermal X-ray emission in the lobes and jets of Cygnus A

This article has been published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. 21 pages, 8 figuresWe present a spectral analysis of the lobes and X-ray jets of Cygnus A, using more than 2 Ms of $\textit{Chandra}$ observations. The X-ray jets are misaligned with the radio jets and significantly wider. We detect non-thermal emission components in both lobes and jets. For the eastern lobe and jet, we find 1 keV flux densities of $71_{-10}^{+10}$ nJy and $24_{-4}^{+4}$ nJy, and photon indices of $1.72_{-0.03}^{+0.03}$ and $1.64_{-0.04}^{+0.04}$ respectively. For the western lobe and jet, we find flux densities of $50_{-13}^{+12}$ nJy and $13_{-5}^{+5}$ nJy, and photon indices of $1.97_{-0.10}^{+0.23}$ and $1.86_{-0.12}^{+0.18}$ respectively. Using these results, we modeled the electron energy distributions of the lobes as broken power laws with age breaks. We find that a significant population of non-radiating particles is required to account for the total pressure of the eastern lobe. In the western lobe, no such population is required and the low energy cutoff to the electron distribution there needs to be raised to obtain pressures consistent with observations. This discrepancy is a consequence of the differing X-ray photon indices, which may indicate that the turnover in the inverse-Compton spectrum of the western lobe is at lower energies than in the eastern lobe. We modeled the emission from both jets as inverse-Compton emission. There is a narrow region of parameter space for which the X-ray jet can be a relic of an earlier active phase, although lack of knowledge about the jet's electron distribution and particle content makes the modelling uncertain.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Variability and Proper Motion of X-ray Knots in the Jet of Centaurus A

Accepted to ApJ, 14 pages, 8 figures, 2 tablesWe report results from Chandra observations analyzed for evidence of variability and proper motion in the X-ray jet of Centaurus A. Using data spanning 15 yr, collective proper motion of 11.3 ± 3.3 mas yr -1 , or 0.68 ± 0.20c, is detected for the fainter X-ray knots and other substructure present within the jet. The three brightest knots (AX1A, AX1C, and BX2) are found to be stationary to an upper limit of . Brightness variations up to 27% are detected for several X-ray knots in the jet. For the fading knots, BX2 and AX1C, the changes in spectral slope expected to accompany synchrotron cooling are not found, ruling it out and placing upper limits of ≃80 μG for each of their magnetic field strengths. Adiabatic expansion can account for the observed decreases in brightness. Constraints on models for the origin of the knots are established. Jet plasma overrunning an obstacle is favored as the generator of stationary knots, while moving knots are likely produced either by internal differences in jet speed or the late stages of jet interaction with nebular or cloud material.Peer reviewe

X-rays Studies of the Solar System

X-ray observatories contribute fundamental advances in Solar System studies by probing Sun-object interactions, developing planet and satellite surface composition maps, probing global magnetospheric dynamics, and tracking astrochemical reactions. Despite these crucial results, the technological limitations of current X-ray instruments hinder the overall scope and impact for broader scientific application of X-ray observations both now and in the coming decade. Implementation of modern advances in X-ray optics will provide improvements in effective area, spatial resolution, and spectral resolution for future instruments. These improvements will usher in a truly transformative era of Solar System science through the study of X-ray emission.Comment: White paper submitted to Astro2020, the Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Surve

Spikey: self-lensing flares from eccentric SMBH binaries

We examine the light curves of two quasars, motivated by recent suggestions that a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) can exhibit sharp lensing spikes. We model the variability of each light curve as due to a combination of two relativistic effects: the orbital relativistic Doppler boost and gravitational binary self-lensing. In order to model each system, we extend previous Doppler plus self-lensing models to include eccentricity. The first quasar is identified in optical data as a binary candidate with a 20-yr period (Ark 120), and shows a prominent spike. For this source, we rule out the lensing hypothesis and disfavour the Doppler-boost hypothesis due to discrepancies in the measured versus recovered values of the binary mass and optical spectral slope. The second source, which we nickname Spikey, is the rare case of an active galactic nucleus identified in Kepler’s high-quality, high-cadence photometric data. For this source, we find a model, consisting of a combination of Doppler modulation and a narrow symmetric lensing spike, consistent with an eccentric SMBHB with a mass of M_(tot) =3 × 10⁷ M_⊙⁠, rest-frame orbital period T = 418 d, eccentricity e = 0.5, and seen at an inclination of 8○ from edge-on. This interpretation can be tested by monitoring Spikey for periodic behaviour and recurring flares in the next few years. In preparation for such monitoring, we present the first X-ray observations of this object taken by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory

The extremely X-ray luminous radio-loud quasar CFHQS J142952+544717 at z=6.18z=6.18 under Chandra high-angular resolution lens

We present the first X-ray observation at sub-arcsecond resolution of the high-redshift ($z=6.18$) radio-loud quasar CFHQS J142952+544717 (J1429). The ~100 net-count 0.3-7 keV spectrum obtained from $\sim 30$ ksec Chandra exposure is best fit by a single power-law model with a photon index $\Gamma=2.0\pm0.2$ and no indication of an intrinsic absorber, implying a 3.6-72 keV rest-frame luminosity $L_{\rm X}=(2.3^{+0.6}_{-0.5})\times10^{46}$ erg s$^{-1}$. We identify a second X-ray source at 30 arcsec, distance from J1429 position, with a soft ($\Gamma\simeq 2.8$) and absorbed (equivalent hydrogen column density $N_{\rm H} <13.4\times 10^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$) spectrum, which likely contaminated J1429 spectra obtained in lower angular resolution observations. Based on the analysis of the Chandra image, the bulk of the X-ray luminosity is produced within the central $\sim 3$ kpc region, either by the disk/corona system, or by a moderately aligned jet. In this context, we discuss the source properties in comparison with samples of low- and high-redshift quasars. We find indication of a possible excess of counts over the expectations for a point-like source in a 0.5 arcsec-1.5 arcsec ($\sim 3-8$ kpc) annular region. The corresponding X-ray luminosity at J1429 redshift is $4\times 10^{45}$ erg s$^{-1}$. If confirmed, this emission could be related to either a large-scale X-ray jet, or a separate X-ray source.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

X-ray Properties of Young Radio Quasars at z &gt; 4.5

We present a comprehensive analysis of Chandra X-ray observations of 15 young radio quasars at redshifts $4.5 < z < 5.0$. All sources are detected in the $0.5-7.0$ keV energy band. Emission spectra are extracted, and the average photon index for the sample is measured to be $1.5\pm0.1$. Unabsorbed rest-frame $2-10$ keV luminosities are found to range between $(0.5-23.2) \times 10^{45}$ erg s$^{-1}$. The optical-X-ray power-law spectral index $\alpha_{ox}$ is calculated for each source using optical/UV data available in the literature. The $\alpha_{ox}$-UV relationship is compared with other quasar surveys, and an anticorrelation is observed that agrees with independent estimates. Rest-frame radio and X-ray luminosities are established for the sample, and a correlation between the luminosities is detected. These multiwavelength results reinforce a lack of spectral evolution for quasars over a broad redshift range. We additionally identify three quasars from our multiwavelength analysis that are statistically significant outliers, with one source being a Compton-thick candidate in the early universe, and discuss each in detail.Comment: Accepted to ApJ, 13 pages, 5 figures, 4 table