The soil diagnostic method to compute fertilizer requirements in cocoa plantations

Soil analysis is not often used for fertilizer recommendations, because it is difficult to interpret. We developed a soil diagnostic software programme to help the agronomist to understand and interpret soil analysis to formulate fertilizer requirements (formulae and doses) on cocoa plantations. The methodology used to determine the fertilizer needs is based on the Diagnostic Soil method developed by Jadin and Snoeck (1985). The model evaluates the levels of nutrients in the soil and the ratios among them at the soil¿s pH to determine the required amount of Nitrogen and Phosphorus. Once this is done, the K, Ca and Mg ratios are compared to determine the amounts of each nutrient. The final recommendations are computed to reach the optimum values and to compensate for the nutrients exported by the yields. The software was tested on some peasant cocoa farms used in a Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) fertilizer trial to compare and classify them according to their nutrient needs (Appiah et al., 2000). The results show that most of the farms need P fertilizers. Among the exchangeable bases, Ca was more often found as being the limiting factors. The results indicate that the soil diagnostic method can be a powerful tool for fertilizer recommendation to be made on cocoa farms. (Résumé d'auteur

Mission to the Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash-Crops (ITSCC) in Baoshan, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Sciences (YAAS) Yunnan, China. Evaluation of coffee production and quality research activities. 12 to 21 october 2009

This report covers a mission undertaken by the two CIRAD researchers in Yunnan, China from 12 to 21 October 2009. Its objective is to describe the current situation of coffee cultivation and research. Suggestions are made for improving coffee management and processing and for developing research programmes. (Résumé d'auteur

Towards more sustainable construction–application of superabsorbent polymers in cementitious matrices with reduced carbon footprint

Construction industry is constantly searching for sustainable innovations to mitigate negative environmental impacts. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) is a well-known supplementary cementitious material which contributes to reduction of energy and CO2 emissions from cement industry. However, its use in cementitious systems leads to materials with high cracking susceptibility due to their greater autogenous shrinkage triggered by self-desiccation processes. This problem is even more pronounced when concrete is exposed to severe dry-hot weather conditions, such as in North Africa. In order to mitigate this negative effect of cracking, internal curing agents in the form of Superabsorbent polymers (SAP) can be successfully used. This approach leads to more durable cement based materials and in turn more sustainable constructions

Rewiring strategies for changing environments

A typical pervasive application executes in a changing environment: people, computing resources, software services and network connections come and go continuously. A robust pervasive application needs adapt to this changing context as long as there is an appropriate rewiring strategy that guarantees correct behavior. We combine the MERODE modeling methodology with the ReWiRe framework for creating interactive pervasive applications that can cope with changing environments. The core of our approach is a consistent environment model, which is essential to create (re)configurable context-aware pervasive applications. We aggregate different ontologies that provide the required semantics to describe almost any target environment. We present a case study that shows a interactive pervasive application for media access that incorporates parental control on media content and can migrate between devices. The application builds upon models of the run-time environment represented as system states for dedicated rewiring strategies

Existence dependency: conceptual modelling by contract.

In Object Orientation, the Generalisation/Specialisation hierarchy and the Whole/Part relationship are prevalent classification schemes for object types. This paper presents a new classification scheme for object types, called 'existence dependency'. Existence dependency captures some of the interesting semantics that are usually associated with the concept of aggregation (Part of relation). In fact, the semantics of existence dependency are hidden in the semantics of the Entity Relationship model, but have never been explicitly named. We will demonstrate how the explicit classification of object types according to the existence dependency relation allows for formal and automatic consistency between static and dynamic aspects of object types that goes far beyond mere syntactical consistency.Classification; Dependency; Model;

Domain modelling and the co-design of business rules in the telecommunication business area.

This paper discusses the development of an enterprise domain model in an environment where part of the domain knowledge is vague and not yet formalised in company-wide business rules. The domain model was developed for a young company starting in the telecommunications sector. The company relied on a number of stand-alone business support systems and sought for a manner to integrate them. There was opted for the development of an enterprise-wide domain model that had to serve as an integration layer to coordinate the stand-alone applications. A specific feature of the company was that it could build up its information infrastructure form scratch, so that many aspects of its business were still in the process of being defined. The paper will highlight parts of the Enterprise Model where there was a need for co-designing business rules together with the domain model. A result of this whole effort was that the company got more insight into important domain knowledge and developed a common understanding across functional areas of the way of doing business.domain modelling; business rules; object-oriented analysis; business process modelling;

Repeated autogenous healing in strain-hardening cementitious composites by using superabsorbent polymers

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Characterising aggregations with existence dependency.

Abstract: The concept of aggregation is considered as one of the basic principles in object-oriented analysis. There is however no standard definition of this concept and each object-oriented analysis method has its own definition of aggregation. The aim of this paper is not to discuss the different types of aggregation that exist. However, having assessed the complexity of the concept, we will illustrate how a basic set of formal concepts is sufficient to define of the structural and behavioral aspects of different existing flavours of aggregation. If a development method wants to offer a rich concept such as aggregation, it can define the semantics of the desired flavour of the aggregation using these core formal concepts. Analysts then have the choice to use the aggregation defined by the method or to fall back on the core concepts if a different flavour of aggregation is needed to model the situation at hand.Principles; Model;

Improving the reuse possibilities of the behavioral aspects of object-oriented domain models.

Reuse of domain models is often limited to the reuse of the structural aspects of the domain (e.g. by means of generic data models). In object-oriented models, reuse of dynamic aspects is achieved by reusing the methods of domain classes. Because in the object-oriented approach any behavior is attached to a class, it is impossible to reuse behavior without at the same time reusing the class. In addition, because of the message passing paradigm, object interaction must be specified as a method attached to one class which is invoked by another class. In this way object interaction is hidden in the behavioral aspects of classes. This makes object interaction schemas difficult to reuse and customize. The focus of this paper is on improving the reuse of object-oriented domain models. This is achieved by centering the behavioral aspects around the concept of business events.Model; Models;