Estimated impact of maternal vaccination on global paediatric influenza-related in-hospital mortality: A retrospective case series

BACKGROUND: Influenza virus infection is an important cause of under-five mortality. Maternal vaccination protects children younger than 3 months of age from influenza infection. However, it is unknown to what extent paediatric influenza-related mortality may be prevented by a maternal vaccine since global age-stratified mortality data are lacking. METHODS: We invited clinicians and researchers to share clinical and demographic characteristics from children younger than 5 years who died with laboratory-confirmed influenza infection between January 1, 1995 and March 31, 2020. We evaluated the potential impact of maternal vaccination by estimating the number of children younger than 3 months with in-hospital influenza-related death using published global mortality estimates. FINDINGS: We included 314 children from 31 countries. Comorbidities were present in 166 (53%) children and 41 (13%) children were born prematurely. Median age at death was 8·6 (IQR 4·5-16·6), 11·5 (IQR 4·3-24·0), and 15·5 (IQR 7·4-27·0) months for children from low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), upper-middle-income countries (UMICs), and high-income countries (HICs), respectively. The proportion of children younger than 3 months at time of death was 17% in LMICs, 12% in UMICs, and 7% in HICs. We estimated that 3339 annual influenza-related in-hospital deaths occur in the first 3 months of life globally. INTERPRETATION: In our study, less than 20% of children is younger than 3 months at time of influenza-related death. Although maternal influenza vaccination may impact maternal and infant influenza disease burden, additional immunisation strategies are needed to prevent global influenza-related childhood mortality. The missing data, global coverage, and data quality in this study should be taken into consideration for further interpretation of the results. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Foreword


The Fourth International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions includes two very important events:
- The TENTH INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON DUST EXPLOSIONS is the successive meeting of a series of colloquia organized since 1984 in Baranow, Poland and then in: Jadwisin, Poland (1986); Szczyrk, Poland (1988); Porabka-Kozubnik, Poland (1990); Pultusk, Poland (1993); Shenyeng, China (1994); Bergen, Norway (1996); Schaumburg, Illinois, USA (1998); Tsukuba, Japan (2000). 
- The FIFTH COLLOQUIUM ON GAS, VAPOR, LIQUID, HYBRID EXPLOSIONS is the successive meeting of a series of colloquia organized since 1981 in Montreal, Canada and then in Bergen, Norway (1996); Schaumburg, Illinois, USA (1998); Tsukuba, Japan (2000). 
ISHPMIE IV, The Fourth International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Indutrial Explosions was held in Bourges, France, at the École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Bourges (ENSIB), Laboratoire Énergétique Explosions Structures (LEES) in October 2002. This is a site where Professor J. Brossard conducted early research on gaseous detonation and safety aspects and the ENSIB is a specialised engineering school in industrial risks.

Critical radius of explosive gaseous mixtures with initial concentration gradients

International audienc

Flammability of kerosene in civil and military aviation

International audienc

Direct Numerical Simulations - An Introduction and Applications

International audienc

Direct initiation of gaseous detonation : the Jungle

A general assessment of the state of the art regarding direct initiation modes for successful cylindrical or spherical detonations in uniform gaseous media is presented. Energy is recognized as being the most appropriate parameter to be used as a relative measure of the sensitivity to detonation of any given explosive mixture. A spherical detonation wave can be initiated either by a point source or a confined planar detonation wave transmission at the open end of a tube into an unconfined environment. Consequently, the critical conditions characterizing the amount of initial energy required to create the detonation are, respectively, the initiation radius for a point source and the critical tube diameter for a diffraction. The description of the phenomenology of critical conditions for gaseous detonation is proposed through notions having been diversely expressed by different authors. Nevertheless, these notions differ as far as their formulation and their analysis of the concepts proposed is concerned. It's a real jungle !. So, this is why it is important to provide some information on the current state of the art regarding the initiation modes for cylindrical or spherical detonations