New Investigations in the Environment, History and Archaeology of the Iraqi Hilly Flanks: Shahrizor Survey Project 2009-2011

Recent palaeoenvironmental, historical, and archaeological investigations, primarily consisting of site reconnaissance, in the Shahrizor region within the province of Sulaymaniyah in Iraqi Kurdistan are bringing to light new information on the region’s social and socio-ecological development. This paper summarises two seasons of work by researchers from German, British, Dutch, and Iraqi-Kurdish institutions working in the survey region. Palaeoenvironmental data have determined that during the Pleistocene many terraces developed which came to be occupied by a number of the larger tell sites in the Holocene. In the sedimentary record, climatic and anthropogenic patterns are noticeable, and alluviation has affected the recovery of archaeological remains through site burial in places. Historical data show the Shahrizor shifting between periods of independence, either occupied by one regional state or several smaller entities, and periods that saw the plain’s incorporation within large empires, often in a border position. New archaeological investigations have provided insight into the importance of the region as a transit centre between Western Iran and northern and southern Mesopotamia, with clear material culture links recovered. Variations between periods’ settlement patterns and occupations are also beginning to emerge

CHEMICAL DE-EMULSIFICATION OF SOME IRAQI WET CRUDE OILS

Production of Wet crude oil has been a growing field problem worldwide. Applications of the i:- .c methods and technologies to treat wet crude oil are needed to solve this problem and remove as much water as is economically possible. This paper deals with laboratory test to evaluate the relative efficiency of different emulsion breakets (de-emulsifiers) under different conditions. Five de-emulsifiers were used to treat wet crude oil from East Baghdad and Kirkuk oilfields. On the basis of a laboratory study, it is shown that using RP6000 (commercial) and NIPD de-emulsifiers achieved the best results; the latter was introduced in the present work. The de-emulsification rate is inlluenced i:o a great extent by the de-emulsifier concentration.Finally, it is shown that water *in-oil emulsions formed from kirkuk crude oil (low viscosity's and asphaltenes content) are less stable and more easily broken than those from the more viscous and S highly asphaltenes, East Baghdad crude oil

History of Archaeological Work and Attitudes Towards Antiquities at Uruk

Uruk, also known as Warka, is an ancient Mesopotamian site in modern Iraq that has been the focus of archaeological exploration for over 165 years. Excavations at Uruk have revealed cultural remains from the Eridu period (ca. 5000 BCE) until the Parthian and Sasanian periods (ca. first and second centuries CE). The site is a key point of reference for understanding the development of early urbanisation, writing, architecture, production, and social structure. Over 165 years, changing politics, methods of archaeology and attitudes towards antiquities have affected the way the site was handled. My project focuses on those critical changes which reveal the evolution of archaeology from a Western-dominated affair to a more inclusive practice. In this presentation, I will discuss and evaluate the history of archaeological work and attitudes towards antiquities at Uruk with an emphasis on the teams that excavated there, their methods of excavation, the conditions of the permits they were given, and significant finds and their subsequent distribution. The analysis will be divided into historical time periods (from the Ottoman Period to Iraq after the US-led invasion of 2003) based on the modern history of this region. Governmental and professional policies are also explored in regard to antiquities laws, methods of archaeology and local versus foreign involvement.</jats:p

An Improved Revision To The Hagedorn And Brown Liquid Holdup Correlation

Abstract Many two-phase flowing pressure drop evaluation studies have shown that the modified Hagedorn-Brown correlation is the best over-all predictor. However, on average, this correlation tends to under-predict pressure drop. In this study, the Hagedorn-Brown liquid holdup correlation was revised using 51 pressure profiles containing 540 pressure loss measurements. The revised correlation gave higher value of liquid holdup than the original for the same value of correlating function. The pressure drops for 157 well test data (not used in the development of the revised liquid holdup correlation as they were taken from another field), were calculated for different cases using the original and the revised liquid holdup correlation. In comparing the calculated pressure drop results with the field data, the revised correlation gave considerably better results. Introduction Several published correlations can be used to predict pressure drops in vertical oil well pipes for the simultaneous flow of oil, water and gas. One of these correlations is that of Hagedorn and Brown(1). Their correlation was developed from 475 tests in a 1500-ft experimental well using fluids having viscosities up to 110 cpo An average mixture density corrected for downhole conditions was used for calculating estimates of pressure losses caused by friction and acceleration. Liquid holdup was then calculated from the total measured pressure loss and the calculated. values of friction and acceleration losses. These holdup values were correlated with arious flow variables and fluid properties. Because liquid holdup was not measured directly, values of holdup given by the correlation are not always physically significant. Further work by Brill and Hagedorn(2) recommended that the pressure gradient should be calculated by the Griffith(3) correlation for the bubble regime. Also, they suggested that the density of the mixture calculated using the Hagedorn-Brown holdup correlation should be compared with that calculated using no-slip holdup. The largest of these two values was then considered. Several two-phase, flowing pressure loss, evaluation studies were performed in which the modified Hagedorn-Brown correlation was included in addition to other existing correlations. A summary of hese studies is shown in Table L The results of these studies showed that, the modified Hagedorn-Brown correlation was the best over-all predictor. However, it was found, based on the statistical results presented in thesf; studies, that on average, the modified Hagedorn-Brown correlation tended to under-predict pressure drops. Rossland(S) mentioned that the under-prediction was mainly due to the under-prediction of liquid holdup. Thompson(9) added that, the modified Hagedorn-Brown correlation tended to over-predict pressure loss in bubble flow (Griffith), while it tended to under-predict for slug flow. In the present study an attempt was made to revise the Hagedorn-Brown liquid holdup correlation using unpublished field data. The original and the revised liquid hold-up correlations were then tested against 157 well test data using different cases. Measured Data The well test data were drawn from unpublished sources. These data consisted of 51 field pressure profiles (for vertical wells). In each profile, the well was divided into equal depth interval and the pressure was measured at the end of each interval. </jats:sec

Backscatter and Dielectric Measurements from Rocks of South-Eastern Utah at C-, X-and K\u3csub\u3eu\u3c/sub\u3e-bands

Radar backscatter from bare sandstones, shales and limestones was measured in May 1982 in the Monument Upwarp region of south-eastern Utah using a helicopter-borne 4-4-17-6 GHz multipolarization radar scatterometer. Rock samples for laboratory analysis were collected and surface conditions described. The purpose of the experiment was to observe the backscatter from selected rock formations as a function of incidence angle, frequency and polarization to determine the degree of correlation with the permittivity and roughness of the rocks. An additional goal was to measure the permittivity of the rock samples using free space, waveguide and in situ methods. The permittivity of the sandstone ranged from 3·0 to 3·75, the shales from 4·2 to 5·0, and the limestones from 7·5 to 8·5. Multiple linear regression analysis of the data indicated a high (greater than 90 per cent) correlation between the radar backscatter and the permittivity of the rocks

Serum B-cell maturation antigen as a prognostic marker for untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

7525 Background: New prognostic markers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are in demand. Different groups have developed models which combine multiple prognostic markers into a single index to classify CLL patients (pts). The CLL-International Prognostic Index (CLL-IPI) combines five parameters: age, clinical stage, TP53 status, IGHV mutational status, and serum β2 microglobulin levels. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a cell membrane receptor expressed exclusively on late stage B-cells and plasma cells with elevated serum (s) levels found in B-cell malignancies, such as multiple myeloma (MM). In MM, sBCMA levels can be used to monitor disease status and predict overall survival (OS). To further evaluate this biomarker in other hematologic malignancies, we studied it in CLL. Methods: Untreated (UNTX) CLL pts seen and consented at Mayo Clinic were identified. sBCMA levels were measured on stored sera of 331 UNTX CLL pts using an ELISA-based assay with a polyclonal anti-BCMA antibody from R&amp;D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). The Mann-Whitney analysis was used to assess differences between CLL pts and healthy controls. The relationships between sBCMA and both time to first treatment (TFT) and OS were also assessed using Cox Regression models with an optimal sBCMA cutoff of 40.9 ng/mL. Results: The median age of pts was 61 years, and 71% were male. The distribution of CLL-IPI risk groups was as follows: 135 (41%) Low; 114 (34%) Intermediate; 67 (20%) High; 15 (5%) Very High. The median level of sBCMA in CLL pts (48.6 ng/mL) was higher (P &lt;0.0001) than those of healthy controls (n = 104; 36.03 ng/mL). In CLL pts, sBCMA is significant in univariable analyses of TFT (HR 2.9 (95%CI, 2.0-4.2); P &lt; 0.0001) and OS (HR 2.5 (95%CI, 1.5-4.0); P &lt; 0.0003), and remains significant when adjusting for sex and CLL-IPI factors (HR 2.3 (95%CI, 1.6-3.3), P &lt; 0.0001; HR 1.9 (95%CI 1.1-3.1), P = 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: sBCMA is elevated in CLL pts compared to healthy controls. After adjusting for CLL-IPI and sex, sBCMA levels provided independent prognostic value in predicting TFT and OS in this cohort. Measuring sBCMA with a readily accessible ELISA-based test, provides incremental value over the current CLL-IPI model in predicting prognosis of CLL. </jats:p